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Sociology > Unit 1: Culture, Identity and Socialization > Flashcards

Unit 1: Culture, Identity and Socialization Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Culture

A

The way of life of a society

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2
Q

Beliefs

A

Statements that people hold to be true

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3
Q

Values

A

Standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behaviour is right or wrong

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4
Q

Norms

A

The behaviour that societies expect of their members in certain situations

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5
Q

Social interaction

A

Any situation in which two or more people have social contact with each other

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6
Q

Customs

A

Norms in a particular society that are widely accepted and carry on over time

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7
Q

Laws

A

Rules that are given force by being formalised by governments

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8
Q

Status

A

A position that someone has in a society
Status can be ascribed or achieved

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9
Q

Role

A

The patterns of behaviour expected of someone because of their status in society

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10
Q

Social institutions

A

Parts of society that have their own sets of norms and values
E.g. family, school system

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11
Q

Social identity

A

Individuals’ perception of themselves, based partly on ideas about how others see them

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12
Q

Gender

A

The roles and expectations associated with being male or female

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13
Q

Stereotype

A

The attributes that people think (often wrongly) characterise a group

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14
Q

Social control

A

Ways in which members of society are made to conform to norms and values

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15
Q

Rewards

A

A positive sanction so that someone is praised or is better off

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16
Q

Sanctions

A

Ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behaviour, usually used in the sense of punishment (negative sanctions)

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17
Q

Sub-culture

A

A group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values

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18
Q

Youth sub-culture

A

A sub-culture of adolescents or young adults that is usually distinguishable by their style, dress and musical preference

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19
Q

Value consensus

A

General agreement cross a society on a set of values

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20
Q

Social conformity

A

Acting in accordance with norms and social expectations

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21
Q

Informal social control

A

Ways of controlling behaviour imposed by people without a formal role to do so (such as peers)

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22
Q

Peer group

A

People of the same status
E.g. same age

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23
Q

Ostracism

A

Excluding someone from the community or group

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24
Q

Formal social control

A

Social control imposed by a person or organisation who has the authority to implement rules or laws
E.g. teacher, police

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25
Q

Agencies of socialisation

A

Institutions in which people are socialised

26
Q

Primary socialisation

A

The first and most important period f socialisation in which the individual learns the basic norms of behaviour

27
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

What pupils learn in schools apart from the content of lessons
E.g. the importance of following rules

28
Q

Peer pressure

A

The influence that a peer group has to force or persuade its members to conform

29
Q

Coercion

A

The use or threat of force or violence

30
Q

Social order

A

The ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time

31
Q

Childhood

A

The period before adulthood, in which individuals are not granted full adult rights

32
Q

Adulthood

A

When an individual is accepted by their culture as a full member

33
Q

Masculinity

A

the expected behaviour associated with being male

34
Q

Ethnic minority

A

An ethnic group that is relatively small in number compared with the majority in a society and is seen as different

35
Q

Globalisation

A

The complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware of, interact with and influence each other

36
Q

Global culture

A

The idea that as a result of globalisation there is or will be a single culture shared by people all around the world

37
Q

Diversity

A

Where there are many differences

38
Q

Cultural diversity

A

Wide differences between human cultures

39
Q

Lifestyle

A

The typical way of life of an individual, group or culture

40
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a Western point of view

41
Q

Multicultural society

A

A society in which many different cultures or sub-cultures exist alongside each other

42
Q

Ethnicity

A

Cultural differences
E.g. place of origin

43
Q

Race

A

Supposed biological differences between different groups of people

44
Q

Social construction

A

The idea that social situations and events are constructed by societies
Do not exist in nature as independent things

45
Q

Age groups

A

Ways in which people of the same or similar age share a status and associated roles

46
Q

Elderly

A

Belonging to the age group of those advanced in years

47
Q

Child-centered

A

A society in which children are highly valued and a lot of time and effort are devoted to their well-being

48
Q

Secondary socialisation

A

Later socialisation, usually involving learning more specific norms for particular statuses and roles

49
Q

Imitation

A

Young children learning by copying the behaviour of others

50
Q

Role modelling

A

Acting as an example so that this behaviour is copied by others

51
Q

Sex

A

Being male or female (based on biological indicators such as XX and XY chromosomes)

52
Q

Manipulation

A

How parents and others encourage some behaviour and discourage other behaviour

53
Q

Canalisation

A

Channeling children towards activities that are considered appropriate for them
E.g. because of gender

54
Q

Social class

A

A form of social stratification in which people are grouped at different levels in the social hierarchy
Upper, middle, working

55
Q

Inadequate socialisation

A

When socialisation is incomplete or ineffective

56
Q

Feral children

A

“Wild” children who have not been socialised

57
Q

Nature

A

The influence of biological factors on human behaviour in the nature/nurture debate

58
Q

Nurture

A

The influence of society and culture on human behaviour in the nature/nurture debate

59
Q

Role conflict

A

When someone finds that the demands of two or more of their roles clash with each other

60
Q

Adolescence

A

The period of growing up between childhood and adulthood

61
Q

Femininity

A

The expected behaviour associated with being female

Sociology (2 decks)

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