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Biology Unit 1 > Unit 1 content > Flashcards

Unit 1 content Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

the variety of life that exists in our biosphere.

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2
Q

what is a biosphere?

A

any area of the earth where living things inhabit

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3
Q

what is defined as living?

A

organisms that can:
- respire to produce energy
- grow
- respond to stimuli
- consume nutrients
- reproduce
- regulate internal environment

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4
Q

in what 3 ways can biodiversity be classified?

A
  1. genetic variation
  2. species variation
  3. ecosystem variation
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5
Q

what are genes?

A

a section of DNA in a chromosome that has “instructions” - gives characteristics

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6
Q

gene pool?

A

the sum of all the genes, in all forms of a species

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7
Q

species?

A

a group of morphologically similar organisms that share a gene pool; can reproduce and produce viable offspring

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8
Q

ecosystem?

A

the biotic and abiotic factors of an environment and the interactions between these components

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9
Q

5 areas of life that biodiversity has an impact on?

A
  1. economic - direct consumption and production
  2. scientific - data helps us understand the natural world
  3. ecological life support - provides humans with health ecosystems
  4. recreation - tourism
  5. cultural - expression of identity/aesthetic appreciation/spirituality
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10
Q

levels of biodiversity: species

A
  • the biological species concept is that species are groups of organisms that can reproduce and produce viable and fertile offspring
  • when populations become unable to interbreed, the evolution of a new species can occur
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11
Q

levels of biodiversity: species concept PROBLEMS

A
  • cannot be applied to fossils as it is not possible to know if organisms could interbreed
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12
Q

levels of biodiversity: genetic

A
  • genes give us all our characteristics
  • smaller populations can have a lower range of genetic variation, meaning they are less resilient to changes
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13
Q

what is a spatial scale?

A

shows how organisms are distributed over space - in different life stages, they move to different places

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14
Q

what is a temporal scale?

A

shows how organisms are distributes over time - the change in population can help estimate extinction rate

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15
Q

why do we classify organisms?

A
  1. there are so many organisms on earth, it provides a method of categorising and sorting - for understanding relationships btw organisms
  2. can collect data and analyse info about types of organisms - talking about patterns and trends
  3. to effectively communicate between scientists
  4. to recognise and combat invasive species
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16
Q

what is classification?

A

the sorting and categorising of organisms - organisms with similar characteristics

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17
Q

hierarchy of classification?

A

D - domain
K - kindgom
P - phylum
C - class
O - order
F - family
G - genus
S - species

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18
Q

what are the 3 domains of life?

A
  1. eukarya (eukaryotes)
  2. archaea ( prokaryotes)
  3. bacteria (prokaryotes)
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19
Q

3 domains of life: eukarya

A

contain dna within a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

e.g. animals, plants, protists, fungi (kingdoms)

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20
Q

3 domains of life: archaea

A

single celled organisms known for living in extreme conditions - lack dna and organelles

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21
Q

3 domains of life: bacteria

A

microscopic single celled organisms lack dna and organelles

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22
Q

kindgom animalia?

A

all animals, including some single-celled

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23
Q

kindgom plantae?

A

can synthesis its own food (autotroph) with organelles called chloroplasts

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24
Q

kindgom protista?

A

mostly single-celled, living in aquatic environments (amoeba)

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25
Q

kindgom fungi?

A

yeasts and mushrooms. cell walls made of chitin

26
Q

how to write scientific name?

A

genus name, then species name

27
Q

what idea is classification based on?

A

the idea that members of the same group share characteristics that are not present in members outside the group

28
Q

what are the 9 phylums of the kingdom anamalia?

A
  1. porifera
  2. cnidaria
  3. platyhelmnithes
  4. mollusca
  5. annelida
  6. chordata
  7. nematoda
  8. arthropoda
  9. echindoremata
29
Q

what are the 4 phylums of the plantae kingom?

A
  1. bryophytes
  2. filicophyta
  3. gymnosperms
  4. angiosperms
30
Q

byrophytes?

A
  1. non vascular - osmosis
  2. absorb water and nutrients through air - leaves

e.g. mosses, liverworts

31
Q

filicophyta?

A
  1. seedless
  2. vascular
  3. spores

e.g. ferns

32
Q

filicophyta?

A
  1. seedless
  2. vascular
  3. spores

e.g. ferns

33
Q

gymnosperms?

A
  1. pollen
  2. naked seeds
  3. cones
  4. don’t have flowers
  5. vascular system

e.g. pine trees, conifers

34
Q

angiosperms?

A
  1. pollen
  2. seeds
  3. flowers
  4. fruit bearing
  5. vascular system

e.g. rose, orchids

35
Q

what is a vascular tissue?

A

the main tissue that transports water and food for the plant

36
Q

2 ways to classify angiosperms?

A
  1. monocot - one cotyledon: in plants that have parallel veins, fibrous root systems and floral parts that are in multiples of 3
  2. dicots - two cotyledon: in plants that have netlike veins, taproot system, floral parts in multiples of 4/5
37
Q

what should one not use when classifying organisms?

A
  1. colour - can change throughout seasons (can be useful to classify birds whose colour can hint towards relation to a specific species)
  2. size - can change throughout life cycle (can be useful in classifying subspecies - small/big dogs)
  3. behaviour - can vary between organisms of the same species, during specific times of the year
  4. diet - animals that have no relation could have similar diet
38
Q

what is competition?

A

when individuals compete for a resource that limits their survival and reproduction. for example: food, habitat, water.

39
Q

what is collaboration?

A

when members of the same species work together for the benefit of all. e.g. when a hunting dog and lion gang up to get prey

40
Q

predator-prey?

A

one organisms kills another to consume for food

41
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

the general term for the relationship between individuals of two or more species, where at least one species benefits.

42
Q

types of symbiosis: parasitism

A

one organism benefits, one is harmed. parasite derives nutrients from hosts body.

inter: e.g. ants laying eggs on acacia tree (wattle) - tree gets infected with ant galls

intra: birds laying eggs in another birds nest without keeping care of them

43
Q

types of symbiosis: mutualism

A

where both species benefit.

inter: moray eel and cleaner fish - eel gets clean mouth, fish gets a meal

intra: dolphins working together to find food

44
Q

types of symbiosis: commensalism

A

where one species benefits and the other is unaffected/

inter: cattle with birds. when eating grass, cattle attracts insects. bird gets meal, cow is unaffected.

intra: cattle with baby cow. mother gives milk to baby cow. mother does not need milk, baby does

45
Q

in what ways can an organism be classified?

A

morphology
molecular sequences
methods of reproduction

46
Q

why do we classify organisms?

A
  1. to understand relationships between organisms
  2. to collect data and analyse information
  3. to effectively communicate between scientists
  4. to help identify and differentiate from invasive species
47
Q

ways an organism can be classified: morphology

A

grouped by physical similarities (backbone, wings)

48
Q

ways an organism can be classified: molecular sequences

A

based on the molecular sequences of DNA and proteins

49
Q

ways an organism can be classified: methods of reproduction

A

asexual, sexual, both

50
Q

population v community?

A

population is a group of the SAME species living in the same habitat. community is DIFFERENT species living in the same habitat

51
Q

what is an ecological niche?

A

the role of an organism in it’s environment, this includes:
1. what they feed on
2. when they reproduce
3. how it obtains its energy

52
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

the maximum stable population that can be maintained over a period of time in a habitat - super specific to species and a particular habitat

53
Q

what limit carrying capacity?

A

competition, predation, temperature, light intensity, pH

54
Q

what is an organisms substrate?

A

the surface it lives on (for a caterpillar this is a leaf)

55
Q

where are the nutrient levels likely to be the highest for a marine environment?

A

near the coast - large input from rivers

56
Q

what is inTERspecific?

A

occurring between different species

57
Q

what is inTRAspecific?

A

occurring between the same species

58
Q

what is a keystone species

A

organism that plays a unique and crucial role in a way that the ecosystem functions

59
Q

roles of keystone species:

A
  1. maintaining structure of communities
  2. prey
  3. predator
  4. mutualistic
60
Q

example of keystone species: prey

A
  1. fig trees in north america - produce fruit all year round so birds/mammals use this when other food sources are scarce
61
Q

example of keystone species: predator

A
  1. purple sea star - feed on mussels on pacific ocean sea floor - limits these mussels from overtaking the sea floor - increases biodiversity
62
Q

example of keystone species: mutualistic

A
  1. honeybees - transport pollen from one plant to another
    - pollination promotes reproduction

Biology Unit 1 (1 decks)

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