Unit 1: Concepts Flashcards
Outline Heckhausen & Rheinberg’s Framework of motivation
Motivation is determined by an interaction between internal motives (needs, cognitions and emotions) and external events/social context. Motivation directs behaviour
What are the 3 domains of needs
Physiological: biological (thirst, hunger, sex)
Psychological: autonomy, competences, relatedness
Social: achievement, affiliation, intimacy & power)
What are the 4 main measurable expressions of motivation
Behaviour
Engagement
Brain & physiological activations
Self-report
Examples of behavioural expressions of motivation?
attention
effort
latency
persistence
choice
probability of response
facial expressions
body language
4 aspects of engagements as a measure of motivation
Behavioural Eng: effort, persistence
Emotional Eng: interest, enjoyment, enthusiasm, distress, anxiety
Cognitive eng: learning strategies, seeking understanding, active self-regulation
Agency: active involvement (make suggestions, contributions, ask questions etc)
6 types of brain & physiological activity that can be a measure of motivation?
Brain activity: activation of structures (amygdala, prefrontal cort)
Hormonal acti: Chemicals (cortisol; stress, catecholamines; fight/flight) in saliva/blood
Cardiovascular activity:
Ocular activity: eye bhvr - pupil size, blinking, eye movement
Electrodermal activity: electrical changes on skin surface
Skeletal act: muscular act, facial exp, body gestures
Outline self report as a measure of motivation (including limitations)
Interviews, questionnaires
- access dimensions, goals, expectations, values, beliefs, converns
- objective data
- easy to administer
LIMITATIONS
- not correspond between what people say and do
- social desirability
- sometimes motives not clear to dubjects
- closed answers
What are the 5 ways emotions can present themselves
Cognition
Bodily arousal
Action-tendency: goal bhvr
Expression: facial, focal, communication
Feeling
What are the 4 dimensions of emotions and how are they analysed
Subjective: feelings (A: self report)
Biological: body arousal; hormones, phsyioloigcal (A: Autonomic NS measures e.g. EEG, fMri, PET)
Purposeful: sense of purpose (A: questionnaires; coping strategies)
Expressive; social expressive, facial exp, vocal (A: observe body bhvr, facial bhvr, vocal)
What is affect?
engagement;
positive = reward driven, keen motiv system
Negative = punsihment driven, aversive motiv. system
What is sensation?
Stimulus corrects internal trouble - a pleasant subjective feeling
What is feeling?
a part of emotion, conscious & subjective, helps us to understand an emotion
what is affective style?
inter-individual difference in sensitivty to and regulation of emtoions
Can influence the experience and expression of emotions
What is emotion?
Emerges from life events and appraisal of significance to wellbeing
influences bhvr
Multicomponent response tendences (feeling, body arousal, social expression & purpose)
What are some ways of measuring emotion? (4 ways)
Self-report (sensitive to subjectivity, social desirability etc)
Autonomic NS measures: electrodermal (sweat glands) cardiovascular (not directly applicable to emotions but can indicate).
Brain states: EEG + neuroimaging - LH activ = approacch state, RH activ = avoidance
Behaviour: Vocal pitch (high = arousal; fear, joy, anger: Low = low arousal; sadness) & facial bhvr
What are the adaptive functions of MOTIVATION?
Guides & directs bhvr to achieve goals
M imposes priority in thinking, feeling, behaving
Avoidance-based motives & approach based motives
What are the adaptive functions of emotions?
Coping (adapting to life events): more emotions = more learning = more effective coping
Social (improve soc interaction): faciliates relationships, communicate feelings, invite and faciliate soc. interactions
EMOTIONS REGULATE BEHAVIOUR
what are the adpative functions of surprise, disgust, happiness, fear, rage & sadness?
Surprise > exploration
Disgust > rejection
Happiness > affiliation (belonging)
Fear > protection
Rage > self-defence
Sadness > reintegration
How do motivation and emotion direct attention?
environmental event > aroused motive > motive-related course of action
Where does motivation originate?
Subcortical brain (implicit motives, unconscious ; hunger, mood)
Cortical brain (explicit M; goals, values, self)
How is motivation impacted by environmental conditions?
Supportive environment –> positive functioning
Neglectful, thwarting environemnt > dysfunction
What is the cortical brain’s role in M+E?
It is the conscious brain; responsible for consciously determines goals, plans, strategies, values and beliefs about self.
This area engages in conscious mental processes; self-control, resisting temptation, decision making, assessing risk, self-regulation
What is the subcortical brain’s role in M+E?
Subconscious motivations such as hunger, thirst, anger, fear, anxiety, pleasure, desire, reward and wanting
What are the 6 subcortical brain structures associated with M+E? (BRAVSH)
B asal ganglia: movement/action
R eticular formation: arousal, alertness, wakefulness
A mygdala: detects, learns and responds to environmental objects
V entral Tegmental Area: begining of dopamine-reward circuit
S triatum & nucleus accumbens: Reward centre (dopamine)
H ypothalamus: responds to natural rewards (eating, drinking, mating; regulate endocrine & ANS
