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Advanced Higher Biology (To Be Adapted) > Unit 1-Communication And Signalling > Flashcards

Unit 1-Communication And Signalling Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is it essential that cells communicate within multicellular organisms?

A

In order to get required integration and co-ordination for cellular activities

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2
Q

What are the two principle forms of communication?

A

HormonalNervous

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3
Q

Where are the receptor proteins for hydrophobic signals?

A

Within the cell/nucleus

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4
Q

Why do hydrophyllic signals require cell surface receptor proteins?

A

Cannot pass through the membrane

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5
Q

What are hormones?

A

Extracellular signalling molecules that are secreted by one tissue into the blood

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6
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Hydrophobic and Peptide

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7
Q

Give examples of hydrophobic hormones?

A

Steroid HormonesThryoxine

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8
Q

Give examples of hydrophyllic hormones

A

Peptide Hormones

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9
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Signals that are released into the synaptic gap between a nerve cell and its neighbour

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10
Q

What are the receptor proteins for steroid hormones?

A

Transcription factors

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11
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

Protein that binds to DNA and controls the rate of transcription

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12
Q

Give an example of a steroid hormone

A

Testosterone, Oestrogen

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13
Q

What happens to the metabolism of a cell in the absence of thyroxine?

A

Metabolic rate is lower

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14
Q

What happens when thyroxine binds to its receptor protein?

A

Receptor undergoes conformational changeCan no longer bind to DNAGene for sodium potassium pump is transcribed

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15
Q

What are the two ways a cascade is activated once a hydropyllic signalling molecule binds to a receptor protein?

A

G proteinsPhosphorylation by Kinase Enzymes

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16
Q

Give examples of peptide hormones

A

InsulinGlucagon

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17
Q

What are G protein coupled receptors linked to?

A

A G protein

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18
Q

What is the difference between a G protein being on or off?

A

Whether GTP or GDP is attached

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19
Q

What happens when a hydrophyllic signalling molecule binds to the extracellular side of GPCR?

A

GTP replaces GDP and the G protein becomes active

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20
Q

What happens when a G protein is active?

A

G protein stimulates enzymes leading to a response in the cell

21
Q

Why is the response only temporary if the G protein triggers the response?

A

G protein is a GTPase and hydrolyses the GTP into GDP making the G protein inactive again

22
Q

What is the insulin receptor?

A

Kinase linked receptor

23
Q

Where is the insulin receptor found?

A

Cell membrane of fat and muscle cells

24
Q

What happens once insulin binds its receptor?

A

Signal is transduced and a series of phosphorlyation events trigger the recruitment of GLUT4 to the cell membrane

25
Q

What does GLUT4 allow?

A

Allows glucose to enter the cell

26
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Medical Condition caused by a failure at some stage of insulin signalling pathway

27
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 - Failure to produce insulin Type 2 - Loss of receptor function

28
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Injections of Insulin

29
Q

How does exercise improve type 2 diabetes?

A

Triggers recruitment of GLUT4

30
Q

What do organisms use light energy for?

A

Generating ATPDetect changes in their enviroment

31
Q

What prosthetic group is present in rhodopsin?

A

Retinal

32
Q

Where does retinal absorb energy from?

A

Photons

33
Q

Where do the hydrogen ions diffuse back through?

A

ATP Synthase

34
Q

What is retinal?

A

Prosthetic group covalently bonded to polypeptide called opsin

35
Q

What are the two classes of photoreceptor cells found in the retina of vertebrates?

A

Cone and Rod cells

36
Q

What do cone cells contain?

A

Photopsins

37
Q

Which class of photoreceptor cells is responsible for colour vision?

A

Cone cells

38
Q

Why are cone cells less sensitive than rod cells?

A

They have about 1000x less photoreceptor molecules

39
Q

How many types of photopsins are found in human cells?

A

3

40
Q

What are the colours each type of photopsin have maximal sensitivity to?

A

Red, blue and green

41
Q

How are different photopsins formed?

A

Combining retinal with different forms of opsins

42
Q

What do Rod cells produce when no light has been absorbed?

A

Cylic GMP

43
Q

Where does cGMP bind to?

A

Ligand gated Na+ channels

44
Q

What happens when a photon of light is absorbed by a retinal molecule?

A

Conformational change in rhodopsinActivates hundreds of G proteins which activates hundred of enzymes

45
Q

What do the enzymes do when activated by G proteins?

A

Catalyse breakdown of cGMP

46
Q

What does the breakdown of cGMP cause?

A

Na channels closeMembrane will become hyperpolarizedNerve impulse is generated

47
Q

What provides a high degree of amplification?

A

Protein cascade

48
Q

What are the steps in the protein cascade?

A

RhodopsinG proteinsEnzymes Channels

49
Q

What is a photoreceptor?

A

Name given to proteins which are capable of sensing and responding to light

Advanced Higher Biology (To Be Adapted) (13 decks)

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