Unit 1 - Chps. 1, 5-7, and 23 Flashcards
UNT BIOL 3800, Dr. Welch
List the three chemical classes of hormones and provide an example of each
A. Peptide Hormone (ex. insulin, HGH, glucagon)
B. Steroid (ex. estrogen, testosterone, cortisol)
C. Amino acid (ex. Dopamine, catecholamine, epiniphrine)
How are peptide hormones synthsized and stored?
Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles
How are steroid hormones synthesized and stored?
Made on demand, cannot be stored since lipid-soluble
How are peptide hormones released from parent cells?
Through exocytosis
How are steroid hormones released from parent cells?
Through simple diffusion
Where are the receptors for peptide hormones?
On the cell membrane
Where are the receptors for steroid hormones?
In the cytoplasm or nucleus
How are amino acid hormones synthesized and stored?
Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles.
How are amino acid hormones released from parent cells?
Catecholamines - through exocytosis
Thyroid hormones - through transport proteins
Where are the receptors for catecholamine amino acid hormones?
On the cell membrane
Where are the receptors for thyroid (amino acid) hormones?
On the promoter region of DNA
How are peptide hormones transported through the blood?
They are dissolved in plasma
How are catecholamine hormones transported through the blood?
They are dissolved in plasma
How are thryoid hormones transported through the blood?
They are bound to carrier proteins
How are steroid hormones transported through the blood?
They are bound to carrier proteins
What is the half-life of a peptide hormone?
Short half-life
What is the half-life of a catecholamine hormone?
Short half-life
What is the half-life of a thyroid hormone?
Long half-life
What is the half-life of a steroid hormone?
Long half-life
What is the receptor type and action for peptide hormones?
Activation of second messengers through GPCR and IP3 pathway
What is the receptor type and action for catecholamine hormones?
Activation of second messengers
What is the receptor type and action for thyroid hormones?
Activation of gene transcription and translation
What is the receptor type and action for steroid hormones?
Activation of gene transcription and translation; may have nongenomic actions
What is the general target response for peptide hormones?
Modify existing proteins and induce new protein synthesis
What is the general target response for catecholamine hormones?
Modify existing proteins
What is the general target response for thyroid hormones?
Induction of new proteins
What is the general target response for steroid hormones?
Induction of new proteins
Where are hormones such as TRH, CRH, GHRH and dopamine produced?
Hypothalamus
Where are hormones such as TSH, ACTH, GH, and LH produced?
Anterior Pit.
Where are the hormones Oxytocin and ADH produced?
Posterior Pit.
Where are the hormones T3 and T4 produced?
Thyroid
Where is the hormone PTH produced?
Parathyroid
Where are hormones Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin produced?
Pancreas
Where are the hormones Cortisol, Aldosterone, and Adrenal Androgens produced?
Adrenal Cortex
Where are the hormones Epinephrine and Norepinephrine produced?
Adrenal Medulla
Where is the hormone melatonin produced?
Pineal gland
What tissue is the posterior pituitary gland made of?
Nervous tissue, secretes neurohormones
What is the neurohypophysis?
Another name for the posterior pituitary gland
What is the adenohypophysis (or pars distal)?
Another name for the anterior pituitary gland
What tissue is the anterior pituitary gland made of?
Epithelial glandular tissue
What is the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the brain?
the Infunidibulum
What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?
a portal system
What cells release the anterior pit. hormones?
Endocrine cells
What is the target of the prolactin hormone?
Mammary glands
What is the target of GH?
Musculoskeletal system
What is the target of TSH?
Thyroid gland
What is the target of ACTH?
Adrenal cortex
What is the target of LH?
Ovary
What is the target of FSH?
Testis
What is synergism?
When 2 hormones have a combined effect that is greater than the additive of their isolated response
What is permissiveness?
When one hormone allows another hormone to exert its full effect
What are antagoinstic hormones?
Hormones that have opposing effects
Hypersecretion
excess hormone, exagerates a hormone’s effect (caused by tumors)
Hyposecretion
deficient hormone, diminshes or eliminates a hormone’s effect (caused by decreased synthesis)
Down-regulation
Decreased number of receptors in response to abnormal high hormone levels
Pathway of Dopamine
Hypothalamus – > Dopamine
Anterior Pit. –> Prolactin
Mammary glands –> secrete milk
Pathway of TRH
Hypothalamus –> TRH
Anterior Pit. –> TSH
Thyroid gland –> T3, T4
Pathway of CRH
Hypothalamus –> CRH
Anterior Pit. –> ACTH
Adrenal Cortex –> Cortisol
Pathway of Somatostatin
Hypothalamus –> Somatostatin
Anterior Pit. –> GH
Liver –> IGFs
Pathway of GHRH
Hypothalamus –> GHRH
Anterior Pit. –> GH
Liver –> IGFs
Pathway of GnRH
Hypothalamus –> GnRH
Anterior Pit. –> Gonadotropins (FSH/LH)
1) Germ cells
2) Testes –> Androgens
3) Ovary –> Estrogen & Progestrone
