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Biology > Unit 1 (chp 1-6) > Flashcards

Unit 1 (chp 1-6) Flashcards

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1
Q

Biology

A

The study of everything living

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2
Q

Characteristics of life

A
  • has order to it
  • ability to evolve and adapt
  • ability to regulate themselves (homeostasis)
  • ability to reproduce their own kind
  • ability to process energy
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3
Q

Life levels of organization

A
  1. Molecule
  2. Organelle
  3. Cell
  4. Tissue
  5. Organ
  6. Organism
  7. Population
  8. Community
  9. Ecosystem
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4
Q

Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • the DNA is found in the nucleoid
  • there are NO membrane bound organelles
  • they are simple and smaller than eukaryotic cells
  • had cytoplasm, ribosomes, chromosomes
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5
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A
  • DNA found in the nucleus
  • DOES have membrane bound organelles
  • complex and bigger than prokaryotic cells
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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

23 pairs, 46 single (linear)
Linear or circular
Prokaryotes typically have their DNA arranged circularly

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7
Q

Gene

A

A piece of DNA that encodes for a protein/gives instructions

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8
Q

DNA

A

-Deoxyribonucleic acid
-Contains genetic material
-They encode information for building the molecules synthesized within the cell. The encoded information directs the development of an organism
-Arranged in a double helix
-Each chain is made up of 4 nucleotides:
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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9
Q

RNA

A

-ribonucleic acid
-acts as a messenger, carries instructions from the DNA
-the nucleotides in mRNA are transcribed from DNA
-nucleotides:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

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10
Q

Genomics

A

The study of sets of genes in one or more species

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11
Q

Proteomics

A

The study of whole sets of proteins and their properties

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12
Q

Producer

A

Can directly use solar energy, chemical energy is generated by photosynthesis

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13
Q

Consumer

A

Can’t directly use solar energy. They feed on other organisms or remains for energy

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14
Q

Decomposer

A

Return chemicals to the soil

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15
Q

Feedback regulation

A

The output or product of a process regulates that very process

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16
Q

Negative feedback

A

Most common form of regulation, the response reduces the initial stimulus

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17
Q

Positive feedback

A

An end product speeds up its own production

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18
Q

Evolution

A

The scientific explanation for both unity and diversity, the concept that living organisms are. Odiferous descendants of commons ancestors

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19
Q

The 3 domains of life

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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20
Q

Domain eukarya

A

Includes all the protists and 3 kingdoms

  • plants, which produce their own food through photosynthesis
  • fungi, which absorb nutrients
  • animals, which digest food
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21
Q

Kingdoms

A

How the organism gets it’s food

  • plantae: photosynthesis
  • fungi: digest (decomposes)
  • animalia: ingest, release enzymes within their bodies
  • protist: varied, cant be clearly put in a category
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22
Q

Theory of natural selection

A
  • Charles Darwin
  • species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from commons ancestors, all life started as one cell
  • natural selection is the mechanism behind descent with modification
  • explained the duality of unity and diversity

Charles Darwin observed that:
-individuals in a population vary in traits, many of which seem to be heritable
-more offspring are produced than survive, and competition is inevitable
-species generally suit their environment
Darwin reasoned:
-individuals that are best suite to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
-overtime, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits

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23
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

The overall charge of a molecule is unevenly distributed. One side is slightly positive while the other is slightly negative

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24
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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25
Q

Element

A

Substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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26
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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27
Q

Trace elements

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen

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28
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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29
Q

Neutrons

A

No electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom

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30
Q

Protons

A

Positive charge, found in the nucleus of an atom

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31
Q

Electrons

A

Negative charge, form a cloud of negative charge around the nucleus

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32
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons (number on period table identifying the element)

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33
Q

Mass number

A

Weight of nucleus, the sum of protons and neutrons

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34
Q

Atomic mass

A

Atoms total mass

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35
Q

Isotope

A

Two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons

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36
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

They decay spontaneously and give off energy/radioactive particles

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37
Q

Potential energy

A

The energy that matter has because of its location or structure

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38
Q

Electron shell

A

Energy level

Around atomic nucleus

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39
Q

Valence electrons

A

Outer shell electron, participate in the formation of chemical bonds

1st shell: 2

2nd: 8
3rd: 8

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40
Q

Covalent bonding

A

Share electrons between two atoms

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41
Q

Ionic bonding

A

Transferring electrons to have a complete shell. Only ions are involved in these. After the transfer, both atoms have charges

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42
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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43
Q

Electronegativity

A

An atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond. The more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself

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44
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

The atoms share the electron equally

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45
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

One atom is more electronegative and the atoms do not share the electron equally. Causes a partial positive and negative charge for each atom or molecule

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46
Q

Ion

A

A charged atom or molecule

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47
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion

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48
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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49
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

A hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

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50
Q

Chemical reactions

A

The making and breaking of chemical bonds

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51
Q

Reactants

A

The starting molecules of chemical reaction

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52
Q

Products

A

The final molecules of a chemical reaction

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53
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Sunlight powers the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

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54
Q

Four emergent properties of water

A

Cohesion: water sticks to itself
Moderate temp: absorb energy
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent

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55
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together

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56
Q

Surface tension

A

A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

57
Q

Moderation of temperature by water

A

Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air. Water can absorb or release heat with only slight change in its own temeperature

58
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion.

59
Q

Thermal energy

A

Kinetic energy Associated with random motion of atoms or molecules

60
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature. Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break. Heat is release when hydrogen bonds form

61
Q

Evaporative cooling

A

As a liquid evaporates, it’s remaining surface cools. Helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water

62
Q

Floating of ice in water

A

Ice floats in water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered, making ice less dense than water

63
Q

Solutions

A

A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances

64
Q

Solvent

A

The dissolving agent

65
Q

Solute

A

The substance being dissolved

66
Q

Aqueous solution

A

Solution in which water is the solvent

67
Q

Hydration shell

A

A sphere of water molecules surrounding an ion when an ionic compound is dissolved in water

68
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Loving water

69
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Does not love water

70
Q

Hydrogen ion

A

H+

71
Q

Hydroxide ion

A

OH-

72
Q

Hydronium ion

A

Molecule with an extra proton

73
Q

Acid

A

A substance that increases H+ concentration of a solution. 0-6.9 oh pH scale

74
Q

Base

A

A substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution. 7.1-14 on pH scale

75
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of compounds that contain carbon

76
Q

Carbon

A

Ability to form four covalent bonds, can be used to make a variety of things. Tends to form nonpolar

77
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

78
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

79
Q

Structural isomers

A

Have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

80
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

Have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements. Trans fat

81
Q

Enantiomers

A

Isomers that are mirror images of each other

82
Q

Functional groups

A

The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

83
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

OH-. Alcohol. Hydrophilic, forms hydrogen bonds with water. Polar

84
Q

Carbonyl

A

Carbon chain + C=O. Creates sugar

85
Q

Carboxyl

A

Carbonyl+hydroxyl. Creates an acid, causes pH to go down

86
Q

Amino group

A

Opposite of carboxyl. Nitrogen based. Causes pH to go up

87
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

Thiol. Stabilizes compound.

88
Q

Phosphate group

A

Phosphate energy

89
Q

Methyl group

A

Regulation of gene expression

90
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate. Energy currency of a cell, cellular form of energy. Stores the potential to react with water

91
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules and are complex. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acids

92
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.

93
Q

Monomer

A

Repeating units that serve as building blocks. Link monomers together to get polymers

94
Q

Enzyme

A

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

95
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule. Lose a molecule every time a monomer is added

96
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A reaction that is essentially the reserve of the dehydration reaction

97
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and the polymers of sugars

98
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars, carb. Glucose is a common example. Classified by the location of the carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

99
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Polymer composed of many sugar building blocks. The architecture and function are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages

100
Q

Disaccharide

A

formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides. This covalent bond is called glycosidic linkage.

101
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of glucose monomers. The simplest form of starch is amylose

102
Q

Glycogen

A

A storage polysaccharide in animals. Stored mainly near liver and muscle cells. Hydrolysis of this releases glucose when the demand for sugar increases

103
Q

Cellulose

A

A major component of the tough wall of plant cells. Polymer of glucose but the glycosidic linkages differ. It’s undigestible in humans (fiber)

104
Q

Chitin

A

Found fungi and the exoskeletons of insects. It’s a structural polysaccharide, provides support for cell walls of fungi

105
Q

Lipid

A 
The one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers. They mix poorly with water, if at all. Consist of mostly hydrocarbon regions. 
Ex: fats; phospholipids, and steroids
106
Q

Fats

A

Constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Head end is hydrophilic and the tail end is hydrophobic, their for it’s an amphipathic molecule

107
Q

Fatty acid

A

Consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

108
Q

Phospholipid

A

Two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached by glycerol. The two tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head. Major building block of cellular membrane. Energetic because of phosphate group

109
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting four rings

110
Q

Cholesterol

A

A type of steroid. Estrogen and testosterone are examples. A high level of cholesterol could contribute to cardiovascular disease

111
Q

Polypeptides

A

Unbranched polymers built from amino acids. Amino acids are linked together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds

112
Q

Protein

A

A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides

113
Q

Four levels of protein structure

A

Primary: unique sequence of amino acids. Just a string with covalent bonds.
Secondary: coils and folds in a polypeptide chain
Tertiary: determined by interactions among various side chains
Quaternary: structure results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

114
Q

Protein structure

A

Can easily be altered. Salt, temperature and other environmental factors can carnage the pH, causing proteins to unravel

115
Q

Denaturation

A

The loss of a proteins native structure. A denatured protein is biologically inactive. Once it loses its shape it can’t go back

116
Q

Nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA, made of monomers called nucleotides

117
Q

Purine

A

Double ring, adenine, guanine

118
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single ring, thymine, cytosine, uracil

119
Q

Antiparallel

A

Run in opposite direction (DNA)

120
Q

Light microscope

A

Visible light passes through a specimen and then through a lens, which refracts the light so the image is magnified

121
Q

Magnification

A

The ration of an objects image size to real size

122
Q

Resolution

A

The measure of the clarity of the image or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points

123
Q

Contrast

A

Visible differences in brightness between parts of a sample

124
Q

Organelle

A

Membrane enclosed structures in eukaryotes

125
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Used to study subcellular structures

126
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

Focused a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, images look 3D

127
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

128
Q

Cell fractionation

A

Takes cells apart and separates the major organelles

129
Q

ALL cells have

A

Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Chromosomes
Ribosomes

130
Q

Prokaryotic cells have

A

No nucleus
DNA in nucleoid
No organelles
Cytoplasm

131
Q

Eukaryotic cells have

A

DNA in nucleus
Organelles
Cytoplasm

132
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen and nutrients in and waste out

133
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Accounts for more than half of total membrane, continuous with nuclear membrane

134
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions

135
Q

Rough ER

A

Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins. Distributes transport vesicles. Is a membrane factory for the cell

136
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates

137
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Secretory proteins surrounded by membranes

138
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. It modifies the products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, and sorts/packages materials into transport vesicles

139
Q

Lysosomes

A

A membranous sac of hydrolysis enzymes that can digest macromolecules. “Garbage truck”

Biology (3 decks)

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