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AP Biology > Unit 1: Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Topic 01

Qualitative

A

observations with senses

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2
Q

Topic 01

Quantitative

A

observations using instruments

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3
Q

Topic 01

Positive Control Group

A

group not exposed to experimental treatment
exposed to a treatment known to produce expected effect

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4
Q

Topic 01

Negative Control Group

A

group not exposed to any treatment or treatment known to have no effect
nothing is expected to happen

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5
Q

Topic 01

Standard Deviation

A

measure of how spread out data is from the mean
1 standard deviation = 68% of data
2 standard deviation = 95% of data
3 standard deviation = 99% of data

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6
Q

Topic 01

Low Standard Deviation

A

data is closer to the mean

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7
Q

Topic 01

High Standard Deviation

A

data is farther from the mean (more spread)

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8
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Essential Elements

A

essential to survive and reproduce (CHOPN)

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9
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Bohr Model

A

electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom
placed on shells that have a different energy level

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10
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Lewis Dot Model

A

simplified Bohr model
shows valence shell electrons (outermost electrons)

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11
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Electronegativity

A

measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons

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12
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Covalent Bonds

A

two or more atoms share electrons
usually between two nonmetals
single bond = 1 pair shared electrons
double bond = 2 pairs shared
triple bond = 3 pairs shared

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13
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

electrons shared equally between two atoms

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14
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Polar Covalent Bond

A

electrons not shared equally between two atoms

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15
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Ionic Bonds

A

attraction between oppositely charged atoms (ions)
usually between metal and nonmetal

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16
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Cation

A

positively charged ion

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17
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Anion

A

negatively charged ion

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18
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen Bonds

A

partially positive hydrogen atom will be attracted to electronegative atom
polar covalent bond

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19
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Intermolecular Bond

A

bond that forms between molecules

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20
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Polarity

Properties of Water

A

unequal sharing of electrons that make a polar molecule

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21
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Cohesion

Properties of Water

A

attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind
responsible for surface tension

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22
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Adhesion

Properties of Water

A

clinging of one molecule to a different molecule

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23
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Surface Tension

Properties of Water

A

property allowing liquid to resist external force

24
Q

Topic 1: Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

Capillary Action

Properties of Water

A

upward movement of water due to adhesion, cohesion & surface tension
adhesion is greater than cohesion

25
Q

Topic 2: Elements of Life

Organic Compounds

A

compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

26
Q

Topic 2: Elements of Life

Carbon Chains

Carbon

A

carbon using valence electrons to covalently bond to other carbons

27
Q

Topic 2: Elements of Life

Hydrocarbons

Carbon

A

organic compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

28
Q

Topic 2: Elements of Life

Carbon Skeletons

Carbon

A

carbon chains form skeletons of organic molecules
vary in length, branching & position

29
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Polymers

A

chain of macromolecules of similar/identical repeating units that are covalently bonded together

30
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Monomers

A

repeating units that make up polymers

31
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Dehydration Reaction

A

bonds two monomers with the loss of H2O
-OH of one monomer bonds to -H of another monomer forming H2O which is released
A+B –> AB+H2O

32
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Hydrolysis

A

breaks the bonds in a polymer by adding H2O
one -H of the H2O bonds to one monomer & -OH attaches to the other monomer
AB+H2O –> A+B

33
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates

A

simple sugars
used in cellular respiration, building blocks for amino acids, or monomers for di/polysaccharides
(glucose)

34
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

A

includes sugars and polymers of sugars
contain a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups (C,H,O)

35
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates

A

two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds
(sucrose formed of glucose and fructose)

36
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates

A

polymer with many sugars joined via dehydrated reactions
storage (plants use starch and animals use glycogen) & structural (cellulose or chitin)

37
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Protein

protein

A

molecule consisting of polypeptides folded into a 3D shape
shape determines function

38
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Amino Acids

Protein

A

molecules that have an amino group & a carboxyl group

39
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Polypeptides

Protein

A

many amino acids linked by peptide bonds
each has a unique sequence and directionality
one end is a free amino group - N-Terminus
one end is a free carboxyl group - C-Terminus

40
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Primary Protein Structure

Protein

A

linear chain of amino acids
determined via genes

41
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Secondary Protein Structure

Protein

A

coils and folds due to hydrogen bonding within polypeptide backbone

42
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Tertiary Protein Structure

Protein

A

3D folding due to interactions between the side chains of animo acids
reinforced by disulfide bridges

43
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Quaternary Protein Structure

Protein

A

association of two or more polypeptides
structure determines function

44
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acid

A

polymers made of nucleotide monomers
store, transmit, & express hereditary information

broken down into nucleotides and polynucleotides

45
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Nucleotides

Nucleic Acid

A

formed of a nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar, and a phosphate group

46
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Pyrimidines

Nucleic Acid

A

one ring with 6 atoms
Cytosine, Thymine (in DNA), Uracil (in RNA)

nitrogenous base of nucleotide

47
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Purines

Nucleic Acid

A

one ring with 6 atoms bonded to one ring with 5 atoms
Adenine, Guanine

nitrogenous base of nucleotides

48
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Five Carbon Sugar

Nucleic Acid

A

sugar with 5 carbond that bond to the nitrogenous bas in a nucleotide.

49
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Phosphate Group

Nucleic Acid

A

is added to the 5’ carbon of the sugar to form the nucleotide

50
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Polynucleotides

Nucleic Acid

A

phosphate groups linked through a phosphodiester linkage
goes from 5’ to 3’
sequence is unique per gene
dictates structure of protein

51
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Lipids

Lipid

A

molecules that don’t include true polymers
small in size
nonpolar-hydrophobic

52
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Fats

Lipid

A

composed of glycerol and fatty acids
3 fatty acids join a glycerol through ester linkage

glycerol - hydroxyl group
ester linkage - bond between hydroxyl and carb

53
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Fatty Acids

Lipid

A

long carbon chains (carboxyl group)
saturated - no double bonds
unsaturated - contains one or more double bond

54
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Phospholipids

Lipid

A

two fatty acids attached to a glycerol and a phosphate
major component of cell membranes
form bilayer in H2O
(tail hydrophobic & head hydrophilic)

55
Q

Topic 3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

Steroids

Lipid

A

lipids with four fused rings
unique groups attached to ring determine type

AP Biology (2 decks)

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