Unit 1 (Chemical Changes of Organic Compounds)

Question 1

what are Organic substances?

Answer 1

All substances with carbon are organic

Question 2

What is the exception to organic substances?

Answer 2

H20, CO, and CO2 are not organic carbons. Ionic compounds are also not organic

Question 3

What are fossil fuels? What are some examples?

Answer 3

An energy resource believed to be the accumulated remain of plants and animals from the past geological periods. Examples are coal and petroleum.

Question 4

What are hydrocarbons? What are some examples?

Answer 4

A hydrocarbon is a molecule made up of ONLY hydrogen and carbon, it is made after all other atoms and bacteria is removed. Hydrocarbons come in different sizes, crude oil is an example of a hydrocarbon.

Question 5

What is an alkANE

Answer 5

Hydrocarbons with ONLY single bonds

Question 6

What is an alkENE

Answer 6

Hydrocarbons containing one or more double bonds

Question 7

What is an AlkYNE

Answer 7

Hydrocarbons containing one or more triple bonds

Question 8

What is saturation?

Answer 8

Is when a hydrocarbon (or any molecule) only contains single bonds.

Question 9

What is unsaturated?

Answer 9

Hydrocarbons (or any molecule) with double or triple bonds

Question 10

What is hydrogenation?

Answer 10

When hydrogen is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to reduce the number multiple bonds

Question 11

What are cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes ?

Answer 11

Alkanes that have carbon atoms that form a ring (called alicyclic compounds). Alkenes that have at least one double bond.
(When naming a ring always start with the double bond)

Question 12

What is a benzene?

Answer 12

When six carbons form a ring a new class of hydrocarbon is created called ‘aromatic’. Benzene is the first member of an aromatic hydrocarbon

Question 13

What are isomers?

Answer 13

They are when carbons are rearranged to form different shapes with the same number and type of atoms.

Question 14

What is Fractional Distillation?

Answer 14

When substances are separated according to size of molecule and boiling point. Smaller hydrocarbons with smaller boiling points generally move to the top, while bigger ones go to the bottom.

Question 15

What is Solvent extraction?

Answer 15

A solvent is used to selectively dissolve and separate desirable products or to remove impurities.

Question 16

What is catalytic Reforming?

Answer 16

changes straight chain alkanes into benzene or aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 17

What is Alkylation?

Answer 17

Changes straight chains into branched alkanes

Question 18

What is Hydrocracking?

Answer 18

Using hydrogen to break longer chains into smaller ones

Question 19

What is removing sulfur?

Answer 19

Water gets removed from oil and separated into hydrogen to become a fuel source and sulfur goes to fertilizer companies to be used in fertilizers.

Question 20

What is incomplete combustion?

Answer 20

it occurs when amounts of oxygen are low, they can still be balanced.

Question 21

What are Halides/Halocarbons

Answer 21

They are hydrocarbons where a halogen replaces the hydrogen.

Question 22

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 22

An organic reaction that requires a double or triple bond (unsaturated molecule), that is then broken when a small diatomic atom is added to it. (requires a catalyst, usually light)

Question 23

What is a substitution reaction?

Answer 23

An organic reaction where a C-H bond is broken in an alkane or aromatic and ONE (halogen) atom is added

Question 24

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 24

Organic reaction that removes atoms/groups of atoms to form alkenes and water

Question 25

What is an esterification reaction?

Answer 25

Reaction that occurs when an (carboxylic/organic) acid is added to and alcohol to produce an ester and water

Question 26

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 26

Is when two smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule.

Question 27

What is a combustion reaction?

Answer 27

Reaction of chemicals to produce oxides and heat

Question 28

What is cracking?

Answer 28

Is when large molecules are broken down at high temperatures into smaller molecules

Question 29

What is reforming

Answer 29

Technological process of converting molecules into larger or more balances molecules

Question 30

What is a polymer and polymerization?

Answer 30

polymerization is the forming of polymers from monomers. Polymer is a large molecule made by the linking of smaller ones called monomers.

Question 31

How are polymers formed through addition reaction?

Answer 31

When double bonds are broken by adding a polymer

Question 32

What are alcohols?

Answer 32

an organic compound containg an OH in the functional group

Question 33

What are types of alcohols

Answer 33

They dictate ‘where’ the OH is on the carbon chain
Primary: the OH is at the end
Secondary: The OH is in the middle (with two C atoms attached to the C with the OH)
Tertiary: OH is in the middle (wit three C atoms attached to the C with the OH

Question 34

What are Diols and Triols?

Answer 34

Diols have 2 OHs and triols have 3 OHs

Question 35

What is an organic acid?

Answer 35

group of organic compound that has the COOH functional group, they are weak acids. They are soluble in water with short chains

Question 36

What are esters?

Answer 36

They are formed when an alcohol is added to an organic acid. They have a distinct smell with the functional group COOC. The alcohol gives off the H atom and the acid gives the OH atoms to form water.

Question 37

What are amines?

Answer 37

They are organic compounds hat contain at least one ‘amino’ functional group.

Question 38

What are amides?

Answer 38

Produced when amines are added to an organic acid. usually containing a double bond