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Anatomy and Physiology > Unit 1 (Chap 1-3) Study Guide > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Chap 1-3) Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of body structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of body function

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3
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical division of the body into right and left planes

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4
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Divide the body into front and back proportions

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5
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divide the body from top to bottom, cut horizontally.

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6
Q

Anterior

A

Near the front of the body or nearer to the head

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7
Q

posterior

A

Further to the back, near the rear of the body

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8
Q

Organ System

A

group of organs working together to create a system/function (Respiratory)

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9
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Study of Anatomy based on regions of the body (muscles, nerves, shoulders, legs)

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10
Q

Pathophysiology

A

study of abnormal body functions or malfunctions of the body (developmental)

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11
Q

True or False: Structure goes with Function.

A

True at multiple levels

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12
Q

Macroscopic

A

Gross anatomy (bigger: what you can see, surface)

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13
Q

Microscopic

A

What you cannot see at a surface level needs a microscope.

Histology: Tissue
Cytology: Cells and Organelles

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14
Q

Levels of Complexity move from…

A

Micro to Macro

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15
Q

Chemicals

A

Molecules (made of atoms)

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16
Q

Cells

A

The smallest unit of life (chemicals + organelles)

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17
Q

Tissues

A

Fabrics of cells (conjoined)

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18
Q

Organs

A

Made of tissues to perform a function

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19
Q

Organ System

A

made of organs working together

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20
Q

Organism

A

The whole person (every part of the chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems working together)

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21
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands that secrete hormones into the blood

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22
Q

Lymphatic System

A

body defenses, fluid balance (lymphoid)

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23
Q

Integumentary System

A

skin, hair, nails

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24
Q

Necessary Life Functions

A
  1. Boundaries
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Digest
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
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25
Q

True or False: Blood vessels are tissues

A

False, they are organs.

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26
Q

True or False: Hormones are blood-born messengers.

A

True

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27
Q

Survival Needs

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Water
  3. Nutrients
  4. Appropriate Temperature
  5. Appropriate Pressure
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28
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment regardless of the changes to the environment

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29
Q

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

A

Parts that keep a certain variable within a specific range

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30
Q

Components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism
Receptor is…
Afferent is…
Control Center is…
Efferent is…
Effector…

A
  1. detector
  2. pathway towards controller
  3. compare (it checks if the status matches the desired set point)
  4. pathway away from controller
  5. change maker
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31
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanism

A

Main ways to keep homeostasis
Response = oppose (counteracts)

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32
Q

Examples of Negative Feedback Mechanism

A

Shivering (warm the body up)
Sweating (cooling the body down)

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33
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

makes things happen fast
response amplifies stimulus

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34
Q

Examples of Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

Platelets attract platelets

(pressure -> increase oxytocin -> increase contraction-> back to pressure and repeats the process in labor and delivery)

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35
Q

Homeostatic imbalance often results in…

A

disease

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36
Q

example of homeostatic imbalance

A

addiction
diabetes
hypertension = blood pressure controls fail

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37
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Standing
arms by sides
palms forward

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38
Q

Intermediate

A

in between

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39
Q

medial

A

toward center

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40
Q

lateral

A

to the side

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41
Q

superficial

A

close to skin

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42
Q

deep

A

internal

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43
Q

Left and Right are from the perspective of…

A

the specimen

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44
Q

Superior

A

Up (cranial) - trunk + head

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45
Q

inferior

A

down (caudal) - trunk + head

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46
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the trunk (for limbs)

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47
Q

Distal

A

further from the trunk (for limbs)

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48
Q

Anterior

A

ventral (front)

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49
Q

Posterior

A

dorsal (back)

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50
Q

medial

A

toward center

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51
Q

lateral

A

toward side

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52
Q

superficial

A

closer to skin

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53
Q

deep

A

more internal

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54
Q

Occipital Region

A

back to head

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55
Q

Buccal Region

A

cheek/mouth

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56
Q

Mental Region

A

Chin

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57
Q

Cervical Region

A

Neck

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58
Q

Acromial Region

A

Shoulders/point of shoulders

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59
Q

Axillary Region

A

Armpit

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60
Q

Brachial Region

A

Arm

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61
Q

Carpal Region

A

Wrist

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62
Q

Metacarpal Region

A

Palm

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63
Q

Pollex Region

A

Thumb

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64
Q

Intgunial Region

A

Groin

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65
Q

Perineal Region

A

Anogenital skin between genitals

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66
Q

Patellar Region

A

Kneecap

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67
Q

Popliteal Region

A

Posterior of Knee

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68
Q

Peroneal Region

A

Outside lower knee (fibular)

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69
Q

Calcaneal Region

A

Heal

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70
Q

Tarsal Region

A

Ankle

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71
Q

Metatarsal Region

A

Arch

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72
Q

Plantar Region

A

Bottom of the foot (sole)

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73
Q

Hallux Region

A

Big Toe

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74
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

Home of the central nervous system

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75
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Brain Cavity

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76
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

Cavity for spinal cord

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77
Q

Ventral body Cavity

A

Thorax and abdomen

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78
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Multiple Subcategories
* Mediastinum
* Two Pleural Cavities

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79
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space where the heart sits, trachea, esophagus

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80
Q

Two Pleural Cavities

A

lungs

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81
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

digestive

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82
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

digestive
reproductive
urinary

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83
Q

QUICK SIDE NOTE: Meta means…

A

beyond

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84
Q

Absominopelvic Areas

A

Superior
* Epigastric (medial)
* 2 hypochondriac areas (laterally)
Central
* Umbilical (medial)
* 2 lumbar areas (laterally)
Inferior
* hypogastric (medial)
* inguinal (iliac) areas (laterally)

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85
Q

The body is divided into _______ quadrants.

A

four

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86
Q

What are the four quadrants of the body

A

upper
lower
left
right

*Liver: upper right
*Stomach upper left

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87
Q

Matter is anything that

A

has mass and takes up space (solid liquid and gas)

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88
Q

Matter exists in how many forms… what are those forms

A

3 forms
solid, liquid, and gas

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89
Q

Energy is

A

related to the movement of matter

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90
Q

A molecule is

A

mutiple atoms coming together

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91
Q

Kinetic energy is the energy that is

A

in motion

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92
Q

Potential energy is the energy that is

A

stored up

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93
Q

Chemical Energy is in…

A

chemical bonds

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94
Q

Electrical Energy involves…

A

charged particles

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95
Q

Mechanical Energy is the…

A

matter moving

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96
Q

Energy can be converted from

A

one form to another

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97
Q

Elements are…

A

Substances that cannot be broken down by chemical means (flavor of atoms)

ex: pure helium is a unique substance that can’t be broken down by other chemicals

98
Q

What are the four elements that roughly makeup 96% of body weight?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

99
Q

Atoms are the _________ particles of an ___________ that retain the characteristics of said _____________

A

smallest
element
element

100
Q

elements are designated by ______ or __________ abbreviations called ____________ ______________ found on the periodic table

A

one-
two-letter
atomic symbols

101
Q

True or False: Each atom has a central nucleus packed with neutrons and electrons.

A

False: Each atom is packed with protons and neutrons

102
Q

Protons

A

(+) positive charge; 1 amu (atomic mass unit)

103
Q

Neutrons

A

(no charge) neutral 1 amu (atomic mass unit)

104
Q

Electrons

A

(-) negative charge; negligible mass

105
Q

Atoms are electrically neutral except when

A

In ion form, they gain or lose electrons.

106
Q

Elements are identified based on…

A

The number of protons (the atomic number)

107
Q

Mass number is in

A

AMU (atomic mass number)
*Sum of protons and neutrons

108
Q

Isotopes

A

Variations of an element that differ in # of neutrons

109
Q

Molecule

A

group of atoms (2 or more) bonded together
* O2

110
Q

Compound

A

molecule containing 2 or more elements
*Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
* water (H20)

111
Q

Mixtures

A

substances made of two or more components mixed physically

112
Q

solutions

A

Homogeneous mixture
solvent - whats more of
solute - whats less of
concentration - how much solute is in the solution

113
Q

Suspensions

A

A heterogeneous mixture in which the solid particles are spread throughout the liquid without dissolving in it

114
Q

Colloid

A

mixture is two or more substances mixed but not chemically combined

115
Q

Mixtures

A

no chemical bonding occurs between molecules (blended)
can separate mixture with a filter on centrifuge

116
Q

Compounds

A

bonded

117
Q

chemical bonds

A

to make molecules

118
Q

A bond is

A

an energy relationship between electrons of reacting atoms

119
Q

the role of electrons in bonding is

A

octet rule
atoms=most stable when outer shell is filled with 8 electrons -> or 2 if atom is very small

120
Q

Ionic bond

A

transfer

121
Q

Ion

A

when a bond is broken; charged particle (change = gain or loss)

122
Q

Anion

A

(-) negatively charged particle (gained 1 or more electrons

123
Q

Cation

A

(+) positively charged particle (lost 1 or more electrons)

124
Q

Covalent bonds form when

A

Electrons are shared between two atoms.

125
Q

single vs double vs triple bonds

A

number of pairs being shared (electrons) in the outer shell to meet the octet rule

126
Q

nonpolar molecule

A

when electrons shared evenly (equal)

127
Q

Polar Molecules

A

when sharing of electrons in unequal

128
Q

Chemical reactions occur when

A

bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken

129
Q

synthesis reaction

A

build a large product = anabotic

130
Q

decomposition reaction

A

breakdown a large reactant = catabolic

131
Q

exchange reaction

A

swapping parts from two reactants

132
Q

Exergonic reactions __________ energy (break bonds in larger molecules) as a product, while endergonic reactions ____________ energy (building molecules + forming new bonds between monomers)

A

release
absorbs

133
Q

mass action

A

if you have lots of a substance, it is more likely to be a reactant
A+B <-> C

134
Q

What are the four factors influencing the rate of chemical reations

A
  1. concentration of reactant (higher = faster rate)
  2. Catalyst that are present (increase rate)
  3. Temperature ( increase temp = increase rate)
  4. particle size - smaller particles move around more (smaller = increase rate)
135
Q

water is __________% of the volume of most living cells

A

60 - 80%

136
Q

Water has a high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization, what does high heat capacity and high heat vaporization mean

A

high heat capacity: absorbs lots of heat before changing temps

high heat vaporization: gives off a lot of heat when evaporates

137
Q

water is a polar molecule meaning

A

good job at making things dissolve
excellent solvent for other polar molecules and charged particles, such as ions

138
Q

Water being a _______ = water being consumed
water being a ________ = water being the end result

A

reactant
product

139
Q

Acids are also known as

A

proton donors (tastes sour)

140
Q

bases are also know as

A

proton acceptors (tates bitter)

141
Q

Carbohydrates are

A

sugar and starches (1 carbon 2 hydrogen)

142
Q

Carbohydrates contain the elements

A

C:H:0
1:2:1

143
Q

What is the main function of Carbohydrate in the body

A

fuel/energy

144
Q

monosaccharides are

A

simple sugars (glucose)

145
Q

Disaccharides are

A

result of combining two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis

146
Q

in dehydration synthesis water is a

A

product and larger carb molecule is built

147
Q

Polysaccharides are

A

long chains of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

148
Q

Lipids are insoluble in

A

eater meaning they are hydrophobic

nonpolar = hydrophobic (lower oxygen content)

149
Q

Natural fats (triglycerides) are

A

solid states at room temperature

150
Q

phospholipids

A

make up most of the cell membrane
glyceral + 2 fatty acids +phosphate containing group in the “head”

151
Q

Polar

A

Likes water

152
Q

Nonpolar

A

doesn’t like water

153
Q

Steroids

A

ny of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings

ex: progestorone

154
Q

Eicosanoids are made from

A

Arachidonic acid in membranes, which includes prostaglandin that triggers inflammation

155
Q

Proteins compose _______% of the cell and are ____________________________

A

10-30%
functional molecules

156
Q

proteins are made up of

A

amino acids

157
Q

Primary structure of Proteins

A

The sequence of amino acid types that make up a chain

158
Q

Secondary Structure of Proteins

A

twists or pleats of the chain due to H-bond

159
Q

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

A

Protein folds again (might take a globular shape)

160
Q

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

A

Two or more subunits (each with a tertiary structure) combine to make the final protein product.

161
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

Stable strands of water-insolvable material

162
Q

Globular Proteins

A

spherical shape (water soluble)
*prone to denaturation

163
Q

Protein denaturation is

A

Extreme heat or pH unravels a globular protein leaving it not working

164
Q

Enzymes are

A

proteins that catalyze reactions

165
Q

Enzymes cause

A

faster reaction rates by decreasing activation energy

166
Q

Properties of Enzymes

A
  1. Specificity for Substrate (reactant)
  2. unchanged by reaction
  3. can be regulated by chemical messages (hormones)
  4. have optimal pH, temperature
  5. names often end in “-ase”
  6. work with cofactors
    *vitamin B derivatives are examples of cofactors
167
Q

Nucleic acids are made of…

A

nucleotides
*each nucleotide: N-base, sugar, P

168
Q

N-Bases:

A
  1. purines: adenine, guanine
  2. pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine, uracil
169
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A

in nucleus of cell
heritable genetic material coding for protein structure
sugar = deoxyribose
double helix -> H bond links bases
base pairs (A w/ T) (C w/ G)

170
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A

located in nucleus + cytoplasm
types of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
Sugar: ribosome
single-stranded
bases: A, G, C, U

171
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is made up of

A

adenine, ribose nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups

172
Q

Function of ATP

A

energy currency in cells

173
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. cells are units of life
  2. cell activity determines organisms activity
  3. cells come from other cells
174
Q

3 types of Lipids

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Glycolipids
  3. Cholesterol
175
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Polar (hydrophilic) head -> toward water
nonpolar (hydrophobic) tail -> away water

176
Q

glycolipid

A

part sugar, part lipid
stickiness for adhesion; cell ID

177
Q

Cholesterol

A

membrane stabilizer

178
Q

integral membrane proteins (transmembrane)

A

embedded in the thickness of the membrane (ex: channel proteins)

179
Q

peripheral proteins

A

on one face of the membrane (internal or external face)

180
Q

Proteins can be chemically modified

A

glycoproteins (part of sugar coat) -> ID, adhesion
phosphate groups added or subtracted

181
Q

microvilli

A

projections of cell membrane the increased surface area, allowing for exchange (ex: absorption in intestine [nutrience])

182
Q

Cilia

A

projections of 20 M-tubules (microtubules) bundled together (MOVES substances across cell)

183
Q

flagellum

A

Long projection (propels a sperm cell)

184
Q

Tight junctions

A

linkage of adjacent cells (proteins seal things together to close the gap)

185
Q

Gap junctions

A

connection between neighbor cells for communication (channel proteins - connexions)

186
Q

desmosomes

A

linkage holding 2 cells together so they resist tearing (glycoproteins, keratin)

187
Q

The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier, which means it is a

A

Small, nonpolar (hydrophobic), so solutes (e.g.: O2) pass easily

188
Q

Diffusion (simple)

A

Substance moved down the concentration gradient (Brownian motion)

189
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

substance = still moving down the substance gradient with the help of a protein

190
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water through the membrane
- tonicity (affect bath has)
- isotonic (normal)
- hypertonic (shrinks cells) -> lots of nonpenetrating solutes
- hypotonic (causes cell swelling -> fewer than normal solutes

191
Q

Active Transport

A

uses ATP to push solute against a concentration gradient

192
Q

Active Transport - (primary active transport protein)

A
  • ex: sodium-potassium pump (Na/K) - pushes 3 Na+ out and pulls 2 K+ in
193
Q

Active Transport - (secondary active transporters)

A

moves solutes but requires gradient (from primary pump) to do so

194
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

moves solutes in bulk (requires ATP)

195
Q

Exocytosis

A

secreation: vesicle fuse within the cell membrane using SNARE proteins (es: gland cell secretes hormones)

196
Q

Endocytosis (usually by protein-coated vesicle)

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis for a specific target molecule

197
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cell eats particle

198
Q

Pinocytosis:

A

cell drinking (drinks fluid)

199
Q

Membrane potential is a voltage…

A

separation of opposite charges

200
Q

Resting membrane potential is

A

approx -70 mV inside the cell
- Na+/K+ pump loads K+inside
- the exit of K+down its concentration gradient makes the cell more negative

201
Q

Cytosol (in Cytoplasm)

A

fluid inside cytoplasm (gel like)

202
Q

Inclusions

A

found only in some cells (not all)
- ex: fat droplet in adipocyte

203
Q

Mitochondria (powerhouse)

A

makes ATP aerobically

204
Q

Ribosomes

A

cite of protein synthesis

205
Q

Rough ER (endoplasmic Reticulum)

A

proteins bound for membrane are made and modified (ex: add sugar); sent to Golgi

206
Q

Smooth ER

A

sacs of membrane pockets (lipid metabolism

207
Q

Lysosomes

A

bubbles with catabolic enzymes (hydrolases)

208
Q

Hydrolases

A

catalyse catabolic reactions

209
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of proteins giving structure to the cell

210
Q

microfilaments

A

made of actin
under membrane (supports)

211
Q

intermediate filaments

A

made of keratin
resists tearing

212
Q

microtubules

A

made of keratin
organelle placement
main ingredient of centrioles, cilia, flagella

213
Q

Nucleus

A

Home of the genetic information in the form of DNA

214
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane (2 bilayers)
pierced by nuclear pores

215
Q

nucleoplasm

A

the fluid inside the nucleus

216
Q

nucleolus

A

the spherical body which makes ribosome parts (ribosomes are synthesized)

217
Q

Chromatin (when loosely packed)

A

DNA + histone protein
nucleosome - 8 histones + DNA wrapped around them

218
Q

Chromosomes (when tightly packed)

A

for cell division

219
Q

centromeres

A

Center for chromosomes - attaches to a spindle fiber

220
Q

telomeres

A

(end caps) protects DNA ends against loss of genes in the replication process

221
Q

Interphase

A

the phase of the cell cycle in which a cell copies its DNA to prepare for mitosis.

222
Q

Interphase (G0)

A

describes a mature cell that won’t divide again

223
Q

Interphase (G1)

A

growth + normal cell function

224
Q

Interphase (Synthesis)

A

(Synthesis of DNA)
replication of all genetic content
helicase unzip the z strands
DNA polymerase builds z new strands (copies)

225
Q

Interphase (G2)

A

more growth; final prep for division

226
Q

Mitosis

A

divison for growth +repair

227
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes form
nucleus dissolves
centroles migate to poles and extend to microtubules forming the spindle and asters (to membrane)
spindle fibers
-kenetechture fibers
-polar fibers

228
Q

Where does the spindles form

A

between poles

229
Q

Aster forms…

A

connecting the poles to membrane

230
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align in the middle of the spindle

231
Q

Anaphase

A

chromosomes spilt a part
kinetochore pulls chromosomes fibers
polar fibers push poles a part

232
Q

Telephase

A

chromosomes stop moving
clevage forms
DNA reverts to chromatin form
spindle and asters dissolve
nuclear envelope, nucleolus reforms

233
Q

________ codes for __________ codes for ____________

A

gene DNA
mRNA
Polypeptide (protein)

234
Q

_________________ transcription _______________ translation _______________

A

triplet of DNA
code of mRNA
amino acid

235
Q

Transcription

A

making of mRNA (pre-mRNA)
RNA polymerase read DNA, builds complementary RNA strands
- pairs A w/ V, C w/ G, T w/ A, G w/ C
happens in the nucleus

236
Q

Processing of mRNA = editing…

A

splicosomes cut out unwanted segments of pre-mRNA
in nucleus
-cut out segments coded by introns of “Dark-DNA”

237
Q

Translation

A

using mRNA protein at ribsome
-initiation
-elongation
-termination

238
Q

Initiation

A

start codon summons and tRNA with methionine animo acid

239
Q

Elongation

A

tRNA continues to bring proper amino acids in sequence
-tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA codon

240
Q

Termination

A

mRNA stops codon signals at the end of the line
mRNA might be threaded through a “polyribosome” group

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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