Unit 1 Changing Population Flashcards

Question

What impact has forced migration had on Bangladesh? Case study.

Answer 1

Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to climate change, experiencing rising sea levels, frequent cyclones, flooding, and riverbank erosion. Approximately 20 million people are at risk of displacement due to rising sea levels by 2050, while 3.6 million are currently affected by chronic flooding. - Many people migrate from rural areas to urban centres seeking safety and better opportunities. An estimated 1.5 million people were displaced due to the 2020 floods, leading to further overcrowding in Dhaka's slums and increased competition for jobs and resources. - Approximately 1 million Bangladeshis are estimated to be living in India, often as informal migrants fleeing disasters. - Rural economies are in decline with reducing populations. Dhaka is one of the fastest growing megacities and overwhelmed. 35% of Dhaka's population lives in informal settlements where quality of life is severely limited.

Answer 2

Family size ===== Women give birth to fewer than 3 children on average reducing average family size. - In past, two parents would typically share homes with six or more children. - Less common to find older people living with children and grandkids. - Divorce has become more socially acceptable. - Improved right for lgbtqia+ ===== Sex ratios ===== Typical excess of male births, 105:100 reflects chromosome variation in sex cells. - Selective abortions allowing couples to discover gender. - Female infanticide prioritising male babies. - War can lower the ratio of men to women.

Answer 3

- A demographic trend where the proportion of elderly individuals (typically those aged 65 and over) in a population increases significantly. This shift is often due to declining birth rates and improved life expectancy, resulting in a higher number of older adults relative to younger people. - Ageing populations are expected to continue growing globally. Europe is the oldest continent where over 25% of Europeans will be at least 65 by 2040. - Ageing populations can posses valuable skills and training, can care for grandchildren and build a grey economy for healthcare and travel. - Disadvantages - Dependency ratios and financial burden on populations with pension system. - Increased healthcare costs. - Workforce shortages. - Loneliness and isolation. - Slowdown in economic growth.

Answer 4

Japan's population is declining, expected to hit 105 million by 2050. - Demographic Changes: The number of elderly people living alone rose from 0.8 million in 1975 to over 2.5 million in 2000. By 2015, only 13% of the population was young (under 15 years old), while 26% of the population is currently aged over 65. ===== substantial burdens on: ===== Pension funds and social welfare programs, particularly in healthcare. - Nursing facilities, which are inadequate to meet demand. - The labor force, leading to depletion and economic deterioration. - The economy, contributing to a trade deficit and prompting Japanese industries to migrate abroad. - Education, with falling demand for schools and teachers. - Job creation and leisure facilities tailored for the elderly. - The working population, which faces increased pressure to support dependents, leading to reduced demand for goods due to a smaller workforce. - A need for in-migration to supplement the labor force. ===== Government Options ===== Raising taxes. - Increasing the retirement age. - Cutting back on social welfare programs. - Promoting more home-based care for the elderly. - Opening up migration policies.

Answer 5

China implemented the one-child policy in 1979 as part of a controversial family planning program to control its rapidly growing population. - Reduced the birth rate from 33 per 1,000 in 1970 to 17 per 1,000. - Decreased population growth by as much as 300 million people and prevented approximately 400 million births. - Skewed sex ratio of 118 males for every 100 females. - Rural areas and some provinces had more flexible rules, allowing couples to have two children if the first was a girl or permitting two children regardless. - Fertility rate in China has dropped to 1.6 births per woman, significantly below the replacement rate of 2.1. - Government announced a relaxation of the one-child policy in November 2013, allowing couples to have a second child if either parent is an only child. - Might lead to overpopulation or a baby boom that could strain public services. However, factors like high education and housing costs, alongside a lack of social security, have discouraged couples from having more children, suggesting the relaxation is unlikely to cause a significant population surge.

Answer 6

- 2022, Singapore’s TFR is 1.1 births per woman, significantly below 2.1. This has raised concerns about the future workforce and economy. ===== Government initiatives ===== Baby Bonus Scheme: Introduced in 2001, provides financial support to families with new-borns. Parents receive a cash gift of approximately USD 7,300 per child, with additional benefits for subsequent children. - Maternity Leave: Mothers are entitled to 16 weeks of paid maternity leave, which was extended from previous years to support working mothers. - Childcare Subsidies: The government provides subsidies for childcare, which can cover up to 80% of fees for children under the age of 6, making it more affordable for parents to balance work and family life. - Fathers are entitled to 2 weeks of paid paternity leave, which encourages shared parenting responsibilities. - by 2030, approximately 25% of Singapore's population will be aged 65 and above. - As of 2022, approximately 38% of the total workforce in Singapore comprises foreign workers.

Answer 7

- Kerala, located in southwest India, is a densely populated state known for its impressive achievements in health, literacy, and education, despite having a lower per capita income than the national average. - Stable Governance: The autonomy and stability of the government have supported social reforms and improved the status of women. - Literacy Rates: The overall literacy rate in Kerala increased from 90% in 1991 to 94% in 2011, with female literacy rising from 86% to 92% during the same period. - TFR of 1.9 ===== Women's role ===== Tradition of female employment, girls receiving education equal to that of boys. - Women have open access to universities and professions in healthcare and education. - Kerala has highest female-to-male sex ratio in India at 1,084:1,000, compared to national average of 940. ===== Women’s participation in the labor market is low at 18%, compared to 53% for men. - Many women are engaged in low-paid jobs in farming, domestic services, and informal sectors - While 18% of educated men are unemployed, the rate for educated women is much higher at 71%. - Self-help groups support low-income households with training, advising, and micro-financing. - Women's decision-making power remains limited, with a male-dominated legal system and prevalent violence and harassment.

Answer 8

- Human trafficking is often a transborder multinational phenomenon. - USA's Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA 2000) that encourages governments to stop it - Protection, prosecution, prevention - Attempts to reduce trafficking include public awareness, birth registration and migration, allowing trade unions and protecting workers rights. - Multi-governmental approach is needed, no single measure will stop it. - 90% of countries have now become parties to the UN 2003 Protocol to Prevent, Support and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.

Answer 9

Refugees and migrants. Especially when without papers. - LGBTI people and religious minorities that make up more runaway and homeless people. - People with disabilities, particularly children on begging potential. - Stateless people without citizenship, lack of legal status and identity documents.

Answer 10

- 15% of 128 countries in a UN report did not report a single conviction. Number of punishments for traffickers was very limited. 0.3 convictions per 100,000 in most continents. Africa and M.E having 0.1. ===== Many Nigerian women are trafficked to Western Europe for sexual exploitation, forming one of Europe’s most persistent trafficking routes and comprising over 10% of trafficked people in Western and Central Europe. - Women, deceived into thinking they’ll find prosperity, sign contracts “blessed” in a juju ritual in Nigeria. Upon arrival, they’re forced into prostitution to repay debts as high as €40,000–€70,000, often under threats to family members. Controlled by “madams”—older Nigerian women previously trafficked—these women are also exploited by prostitution gangs involved in drug distribution. Corruption and blackmail are pervasive, per UN reports.

Answer 11

- Refers to economic growth potential that arises when a country has a higher proportion of working-age people compared to dependents. This shift, often due to declining birth and death rates, allows resources to be invested in economic growth, health, and education rather than being used to support dependent populations. The benefits include increased productivity, a dynamic workforce, higher savings rates, and improved investments in child education, leading to better-skilled future generations. South Korea and Singapore leveraged their demographic dividends to drive rapid economic growth. - Requires substantial investments in education, healthcare, and job creation. If employment opportunity and quality education are lacking, young population may face underemployment or poverty, which leading to instability. High-quality healthcare system is essential for a healthy workforce. - Family planning is crucial in managing population growth and achieving a favourable age structure. - Help reduce birth rates, enabling more resources per child and improving maternal health. This lower fertility rate shifts demographics towards a higher proportion of working-age individuals, setting the stage for the demographic dividend to occur.

Answer 12

Investment in child health, education and gender equality - critical steps that contribute to family planning - Healthy timing and spacing of births - lower risk - Later first birth (due to family planning) time allowing women to be prepared for child-bearing - Girls education delays marriage and first pregnancy ===== Invest in child survival and health programmes - Commit to voluntary family planning for transition - Invest in reproductive health needs of married and unmarried youth - Prioritising education especially secondary school for girls

Answer 13

Between 1960 and 1990, South Korea transitioned from high to low fertility, supporting economic development through targeted policies. Government invested heavily in health centres to offer family planning, setting a goal for 45% of married couples to use these services. Field workers provided information on family planning, and people saw first-hand that smaller families could improve quality of life. As a result, fertility fell from 5.4 children per woman in 1950 to 2.9 in 1975, and eventually to 1.2 by 2005. - Education was a key focus. From 1950s, South Korea prioritized universal schooling, transforming its educational strategy to equip citizens with skills for economic progress. By 1990, 97% of school-age children attended school. Economic plans also evolved. South Korea moved from an agrarian economy to a diversified one. Government launched a rural construction program that addressed unemployment and supported national infrastructure development. - Together, these policies enabled South Korea to leverage its demographic dividend, fuelling sustained economic growth and stability.

Answer 14

After the demographic dividend, the dependency ratio begins to increase again. - The population cohort that created the demographic dividend grows old and retires. - With a disproportionate number of old people relying upon a smaller generation following behind them, the demographic dividend becomes a liability. - This is currently seen most dramatically in Japan, with younger generations essentially abandoning many parts of the country.

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Unit 1 Changing Population Flashcards

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