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02 Microbiology > Unit 1 Ch 4 - Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing > Flashcards

Unit 1 Ch 4 - Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing Flashcards

from Unit 1 -The Foundations of Microbiology

1
Q

Amino acid

A

one of the 22 different monomers that make up proteins; chemically, a two-carbon carboxylic acid containing an amino group and a characteristic substituent on the alpha carbon

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2
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA

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3
Q

Anticodon

A

a sequence of three bases in a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a codon during protein synthesis

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4
Q

Antiparallel

A

in reference to double stranded DNA, the two strands run in opposite direction (one runs 5’ to 3’ and the complementary strand 3’ to 5’)

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5
Q

Bacteriocin

A

a toxic protein secreted by bacteria that inhibits or kills other, related bacteria

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6
Q

Chaperone

A

a protein that helps other proteins fold or refold from a partly denatured state

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7
Q

Chromosome

A

a genetic element, usually circular in prokaryotes, carrying genes essential to cellular function

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8
Q

Codon

A

a sequence of three bases in mRNA that encodes an amino acid

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9
Q

Codon bias

A

nonrandom usage of multiple codons encoding the same amino acid

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10
Q

Complementary

A

nucleic acid sequences that can base-pair with each other

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11
Q

Denaturation

A

loss of the correct folding of a protein, leading (usually) to protein aggregation and loss of biological activity

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12
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds that carries genetic information

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13
Q

DNA gyrase

A

an enzyme found in most prokaryotes that introduces negative supercoils in DNA

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14
Q

DNA helicase

A

an enzyme that uses ATP to unwind the double helix of DNA

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15
Q

DNA ligase

A

an enzyme that seals nicks in the backbone of DNA

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16
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes a new strand of DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction, using an antiparallel DNA strand as a template

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17
Q

Exons

A

the coding DNA sequences in a split gene (contrast with intron)

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18
Q

Gene

A

a segment of DNA specifying a protein (via mRNA), a tRNA, an rRNA, or any other noncoding RNA

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19
Q

Genetic code

A

the correspondence between nucleic acid sequence and amino acid sequence of proteins

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20
Q

Genetic element

A

a structure that carries genetic information, such as a chromosome, as plasmid, or a virus genome

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21
Q

Genome

A

the total complement of genes contained in a cell or virus

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22
Q

Informational macromolecule

A

any large polymeric molecule that carries genetic information, including DNA, RNA and protein

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23
Q

Introns

A

the intervening noncoding DNA sequences in a split gene (contrast with exon)

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24
Q

Lagging strand

A

the new strand of DNA that is synthesized in short pieces and then joined together

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25
Q

Leading strand

A

the new strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously during DNA replication

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26
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

an RNA molecule that contains the genetic information to encode one or more polypeptides

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27
Q

Nonsense codon

A

another name for stop codon

28
Q

Nucleoside

A

a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil) plus a sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose) but lacking phosphate

29
Q

Nucleotide

A

a monomer of a nucleic acid containing a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytoside, thymine or uracil), one or more molecules of phosphate and a sugar, either ribose (in RNA) or deoxyribose (in DNA)

30
Q

Open reading frame (ORF)

A

a sequence of DNA or RNA that could be translated to give a polypeptide

31
Q

Operon

A

a cluster of genes that are cotranscribed as a single messenger RNA

32
Q

Peptide bond

A

a type of covalent bond linking amino acids in a polypeptide

33
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

a type of covalent bond linking nucleotides together in a polynucleotide

34
Q

Plasmid

A

an extrachromosomal genetic element that is usually not essential to the cell

35
Q

Polynucleotide

A

a polymer of nucleotides bonded to one another by covalent bonds called phosphodiester bonds

36
Q

Polypeptide

A

a polymer of amino acids bonded to one another by peptide bonds

37
Q

Primary structure

A

the precise sequence of monomers in a macromolecule such as a polypeptide or a nucleic acid

38
Q

Primary transcript

A

an unprocessed RNA molecule that is the direct product of transcription

39
Q

Primase

A

the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer used in DNA replication

40
Q

Primer

A

an oligonucleotide to which DNA polymerase attaches the first deoxyribonucleotide during DNA synthesis

41
Q

Promoter

A

a site on DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to commence transcription

42
Q

Protein

A

a polypeptide or group of polypeptides forming a molecule of specific biological function

43
Q

Purine

A

one of the nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids that contain two fused rings; adenine and guanine

44
Q

Pyrimidine

A

one of the nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids that contain a single ring; cytosine, thymine and uracil

45
Q

Quaternary structure

A

in proteins, the number and types of individual polypeptides in the final molecule

46
Q

Replication

A

synthesis of DNA using DNA as a template

47
Q

Replication fork

A

the site on the chromosome where DNA replication occurs and where the enzymes replicating the DNA are bound to untwisted, single stranded DNA

48
Q

Replisome

A

a DNA replication complex that consists of two copies of DNA polymerase III, DNA gyrase, helicase, primase and copies of single strand binding protein

49
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

types of RNA found in the ribosome; some participate actively in protein synthesis

50
Q

Ribosome

A

a cytoplasmic particle composed of ribosomal RNA and protein, whose function is to synthesize proteins

51
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

a polymer of ribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds that plays many roles in cells, in particular, during protein synthesis

52
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes RNA in the 5’ to3’ direction using a complementary and antiparallel DNA strand as a template

53
Q

RNA processing

A

the conversion of a primary transcript RNA to its mature form

54
Q

Secondary structure

A

the initial pattern of folding of a polypeptide or a polynucleotide, usually dictated by opportunities for hydrogen bonding

55
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

DNA synthesis yielding two new double helices, each consisting of one parallel and one progeny strand

56
Q

Signal sequence

A

a special N-terminal sequence of approximately 20 amino acids that signals that a protein should be incorporated into or exported across the cytoplasmic membrane

57
Q

Spliceosome

A

a complex of ribonucleoproteins that catalyze the removal of introns from primary RNA transcripts

58
Q

Start codon

A

a special codon, usually AUG, that signals the start of a protein

59
Q

Stop codon

A

a codon that signals the end of a protein

60
Q

Termination

A

stopping the elongation of an RNA molecule at a specific site

61
Q

Tertiary structure

A

the final folded structure of a polypeptide that has previously attained secondary structure

62
Q

Transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

63
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

a small RNA molecule used in translation that possesses an anticodon at one end and has the corresponding amino acid attached to the other end

64
Q

Translation

A

the synthesis of protein using the genetic information in RNA as a template

65
Q

Transposable element

A

a piece of DNA able to move (transpose) from one site to another on host DNA molecules

66
Q

Wobble

A

a less rigid form of base pairing allowed only in codon-anticodon paring

02 Microbiology (8 decks)

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