unit 1 cellular adaptation Flashcards
what is pathophysiology?
Study of how disease alters normal cell structure and function.
what is a disease process?
sequence of events, stages
what is etiology?
cause
what are the two causes of disease
endogenous and exogenous
what is endogenous?
originating from within the body
what is exogenous?
coming from outside the body
what is idiopathic?
disease of an unknown cause
what is pathology and pathogenesis
the study of the disease process
what are clinical features
how that patient presents
what are investigations?
assessment findings, diagnostic tests, x-rays, ct what does the patient look like
what is prognosis?
plan, is the disease curable, life lasting, testable, manageable, exacerbations
what are two nutrients does a cell need in order to live?
glucose and oxygen
what is the function of the plasma membrane?
controls what enters and exits the cell
what are 8 cellular functions?
movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, reproduction, communication, cellular respiration or metabolism
what happens to movement of a cell when adaption or injury occurs?
stiffness, weakness, atrophy
what happens to conductivity of a cell when adaptation or injury occurs?
heart abnormalities, decreased movement of the muscle
what happens to metabolic absorption of a cell when adaptation and injury occurs?
not able to absorb water and nutrients, not get hormones into the cells that need hormones, no transportation around the circulatory system
what happens to secretion of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?
hormonal imbalances
what happens to excretion of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?
full of waste products, might burst lysosomes
change in excretion and secretion from the cells
what happens to reproduction of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?
neurosis, collagen and scar tissue form, epithelial cells, a lot of trauma
what happens to communication of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?
nervous system, no nerve impulses, sensation loss= no pain felt
what happens to cellular respiration or metabolism of the cell when adaption and injury occurs?
making and the breaking down balance, build up of waste products, no breaking down anything
ineffective cell function
what are four different types of tissue?
epithelial, connection, muscle and nervous
what are three different types of epithelial cells?
simple, stratified, pseudo-stratified
what are four types of connective tissue?
loose, dense, cartilage, bone
what are three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac and smooth
what tissue covers the skin GI, resp (almost everything
epithelial tissue
what tissue interacts with blood
epithelial tissue
what tissue is the innermost lining of our vascular system?
epithelial tissue
in epithelial tissue what is super important?
renewal as this tissue is exposed
in an epithelial tissue an altered______
altered shape= altered function
what tissue connects everything?
connective tissue
what tissue is a storage site for excess nutrients?
connective tissue
what tissue can work voluntarily or involuntarily or both?
(voluntarily) skeletal, (involuntarily) cardiac, (both) respiratory muscles
what tissue is highly specialized
nervous
what tissue cannot be replaced if damaged ?
nervous
what is homeostasis?
the body maintaining a dynamic, steady state of internal balance
what two things will happen to a cell if it undergoes prolonged or severe insults which disrupts homeostasis
1.) develop adaptive, compensatory changed to maintain homeostasis
2.) develop maladaptive changes, which are derangement of structure or function
what is hyperplasia?
increase number of cells
over formation of cells
in response to increased workload, hormonal stimulation or increased cell division
what are examples of hyperplasia?
milk duct proliferation in pregnancy
areolar epithelium during breastfeeding
liver regeneration following partial removal
skin regeneration (callous, thickening post injury)
uterine enlargement in pregnancy
what is hypertrophy?
over nourishment
increase in size of cells
in response to increase workload
increase cell size= increased organ size
can be normal physiology or pathologic
often seen in cells that cannot easily divide
what are hypertrophy examples?
right ventricular hypertrophy
kidney enlargement when one is removed
uterine enlargement in pregnancy
what is atrophy?
without nourishment
decrease in cell size (volume) or in number (apoptosis) of cells
use or lose it
what are causes atrophy?
disuse or decrease in workload
poor blood supply
altered nerve supply
poor nutrition
decrease hormonal support
what is metaplasia?
change in cell function and cell type
occurs when a differentiated cell cannot withstand stress and is replaced with another cell that can
can be reversible when conditions improve
what are examples of metaplasia
stomach acid (stressors) and Barrett;s esophagus
changes in endothelial cells in the GI tract (Crohns)
smoking- changed in esophageal lining
what is dysplasia
deranged cell growth of specific tissues that results in abnormal size, shape, organization and appearance of mature cells
dsyplasia can precede cancerous changes, not always
dysplasia is common to what tissue?
common to the epithelial tissue of the cervix and respiratory tract
when a cell becomes injured what four cellular changes can occur?
Na+/ K+ pump dysfunction
loss of plasma membrane
dysfunctional protein synthesis
intracelluar accumulations
why has a Na+/ K+ pump dysfunction happen?
cells are unable to produce sufficient ATP so pump fails
what happens next to the cell when a Na+/ K+ pump dysfunction occurs?
osmotic balance is altered…. cells swell
why does a loss of plasma membrane happen?
the membrane integrity is breached and no longer protect the organelles
what happens next with a loss of plasma membrane?
organelles injured
mitochondria- no energy production leading to cell death
nucleus- no regeneration
water can enter- cells swell
why does a dysfunctional protein synthesis happen?
cells is in a hypoxic state or mitochondria has been damaged= no ATP (energy) and no protein synthesis
what happens next with the dysfunctional protein synthesis
apoptosis
why does intracellular accumulations happen?
the cells metabolic functioning has been altered
what happens next to a intracellular accumulations?
accumulations impact cellular functioning
what four things cause cellular damage?
toxic injury
infectious injury
physical injury
deficit injury
what are examples of a toxic injury?
exogenous- from environment- lead alcohol, carbon monoxide, chemotherapeutic agents, immunosuppressants, free radicals
endogenous- from inside the body- high blood sugars, genetic abnormalities, malformations
metabolic errors
what are examples of infectious injury?
bacteria
viruses
fungi
protozoans
what are examples of physical injury
excessive heat or cold
radiations
trauma
what are examples of deficit injury?
excessive heat or cold
radiation
trauma
what treatments can reverse or treat cell injury?
Remove stressor
Administer Oxygen
Lower Blood Glucose
Increase circulating volume – fluids or blood
Relieve pain
Aid healing and prevent further tissue damage
Transplants, stem cell therapy, cloning
what is the most common cause of cellular injury?
hypoxia
what type of injury is hypoxia
deficit injury
what causes hypoxic injury?
Inadequate oxygenation of the blood
Renal failure
Hypothermia
Compression
Shock, heart failure
Respiratory failure
Clots
Loss of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
Decrease oxygen in the air
