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pathophysiology- unit 1 cellular adaptation > unit 1 cellular adaptation > Flashcards

unit 1 cellular adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathophysiology?

A

Study of how disease alters normal cell structure and function.

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2
Q

what is a disease process?

A

sequence of events, stages

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3
Q

what is etiology?

A

cause

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4
Q

what are the two causes of disease

A

endogenous and exogenous

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5
Q

what is endogenous?

A

originating from within the body

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6
Q

what is exogenous?

A

coming from outside the body

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7
Q

what is idiopathic?

A

disease of an unknown cause

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8
Q

what is pathology and pathogenesis

A

the study of the disease process

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9
Q

what are clinical features

A

how that patient presents

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10
Q

what are investigations?

A

assessment findings, diagnostic tests, x-rays, ct what does the patient look like

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11
Q

what is prognosis?

A

plan, is the disease curable, life lasting, testable, manageable, exacerbations

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12
Q

what are two nutrients does a cell need in order to live?

A

glucose and oxygen

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13
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

controls what enters and exits the cell

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14
Q

what are 8 cellular functions?

A

movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, reproduction, communication, cellular respiration or metabolism

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15
Q

what happens to movement of a cell when adaption or injury occurs?

A

stiffness, weakness, atrophy

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16
Q

what happens to conductivity of a cell when adaptation or injury occurs?

A

heart abnormalities, decreased movement of the muscle

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17
Q

what happens to metabolic absorption of a cell when adaptation and injury occurs?

A

not able to absorb water and nutrients, not get hormones into the cells that need hormones, no transportation around the circulatory system

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18
Q

what happens to secretion of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?

A

hormonal imbalances

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19
Q

what happens to excretion of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?

A

full of waste products, might burst lysosomes
change in excretion and secretion from the cells

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20
Q

what happens to reproduction of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?

A

neurosis, collagen and scar tissue form, epithelial cells, a lot of trauma

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21
Q

what happens to communication of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?

A

nervous system, no nerve impulses, sensation loss= no pain felt

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22
Q

what happens to cellular respiration or metabolism of the cell when adaption and injury occurs?

A

making and the breaking down balance, build up of waste products, no breaking down anything
ineffective cell function

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23
Q

what are four different types of tissue?

A

epithelial, connection, muscle and nervous

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24
Q

what are three different types of epithelial cells?

A

simple, stratified, pseudo-stratified

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25
what are four types of connective tissue?
loose, dense, cartilage, bone
26
what are three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac and smooth
27
what tissue covers the skin GI, resp (almost everything
epithelial tissue
28
what tissue interacts with blood
epithelial tissue
29
what tissue is the innermost lining of our vascular system?
epithelial tissue
30
in epithelial tissue what is super important?
renewal as this tissue is exposed
31
in an epithelial tissue an altered______
altered shape= altered function
32
what tissue connects everything?
connective tissue
33
what tissue is a storage site for excess nutrients?
connective tissue
34
what tissue can work voluntarily or involuntarily or both?
(voluntarily) skeletal, (involuntarily) cardiac, (both) respiratory muscles
35
what tissue is highly specialized
nervous
36
what tissue cannot be replaced if damaged ?
nervous
37
what is homeostasis?
the body maintaining a dynamic, steady state of internal balance
38
what two things will happen to a cell if it undergoes prolonged or severe insults which disrupts homeostasis
1.) develop adaptive, compensatory changed to maintain homeostasis 2.) develop maladaptive changes, which are derangement of structure or function
39
what is hyperplasia?
increase number of cells over formation of cells in response to increased workload, hormonal stimulation or increased cell division
40
what are examples of hyperplasia?
milk duct proliferation in pregnancy areolar epithelium during breastfeeding liver regeneration following partial removal skin regeneration (callous, thickening post injury) uterine enlargement in pregnancy
41
what is hypertrophy?
over nourishment increase in size of cells in response to increase workload increase cell size= increased organ size can be normal physiology or pathologic often seen in cells that cannot easily divide
42
what are hypertrophy examples?
right ventricular hypertrophy kidney enlargement when one is removed uterine enlargement in pregnancy
43
what is atrophy?
without nourishment decrease in cell size (volume) or in number (apoptosis) of cells use or lose it
44
what are causes atrophy?
disuse or decrease in workload poor blood supply altered nerve supply poor nutrition decrease hormonal support
45
what is metaplasia?
change in cell function and cell type occurs when a differentiated cell cannot withstand stress and is replaced with another cell that can can be reversible when conditions improve
46
what are examples of metaplasia
stomach acid (stressors) and Barrett;s esophagus changes in endothelial cells in the GI tract (Crohns) smoking- changed in esophageal lining
47
what is dysplasia
deranged cell growth of specific tissues that results in abnormal size, shape, organization and appearance of mature cells dsyplasia can precede cancerous changes, not always
48
dysplasia is common to what tissue?
common to the epithelial tissue of the cervix and respiratory tract
49
when a cell becomes injured what four cellular changes can occur?
Na+/ K+ pump dysfunction loss of plasma membrane dysfunctional protein synthesis intracelluar accumulations
50
why has a Na+/ K+ pump dysfunction happen?
cells are unable to produce sufficient ATP so pump fails
51
what happens next to the cell when a Na+/ K+ pump dysfunction occurs?
osmotic balance is altered.... cells swell
52
why does a loss of plasma membrane happen?
the membrane integrity is breached and no longer protect the organelles
53
what happens next with a loss of plasma membrane?
organelles injured mitochondria- no energy production leading to cell death nucleus- no regeneration water can enter- cells swell
54
why does a dysfunctional protein synthesis happen?
cells is in a hypoxic state or mitochondria has been damaged= no ATP (energy) and no protein synthesis
55
what happens next with the dysfunctional protein synthesis
apoptosis
56
why does intracellular accumulations happen?
the cells metabolic functioning has been altered
57
what happens next to a intracellular accumulations?
accumulations impact cellular functioning
58
what four things cause cellular damage?
toxic injury infectious injury physical injury deficit injury
59
what are examples of a toxic injury?
exogenous- from environment- lead alcohol, carbon monoxide, chemotherapeutic agents, immunosuppressants, free radicals endogenous- from inside the body- high blood sugars, genetic abnormalities, malformations metabolic errors
60
what are examples of infectious injury?
bacteria viruses fungi protozoans
61
what are examples of physical injury
excessive heat or cold radiations trauma
62
what are examples of deficit injury?
excessive heat or cold radiation trauma
63
what treatments can reverse or treat cell injury?
Remove stressor Administer Oxygen Lower Blood Glucose Increase circulating volume – fluids or blood Relieve pain Aid healing and prevent further tissue damage Transplants, stem cell therapy, cloning
64
what is the most common cause of cellular injury?
hypoxia
65
what type of injury is hypoxia
deficit injury
66
what causes hypoxic injury?
Inadequate oxygenation of the blood Renal failure Hypothermia Compression Shock, heart failure Respiratory failure Clots Loss of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood Decrease oxygen in the air

pathophysiology- unit 1 cellular adaptation (1 decks)

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