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pathophysiology- unit 1 cellular adaptation > unit 1 cellular adaptation > Flashcards

unit 1 cellular adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathophysiology?

A

Study of how disease alters normal cell structure and function.

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2
Q

what is a disease process?

A

sequence of events, stages

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3
Q

what is etiology?

A

cause

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4
Q

what are the two causes of disease

A

endogenous and exogenous

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5
Q

what is endogenous?

A

originating from within the body

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6
Q

what is exogenous?

A

coming from outside the body

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7
Q

what is idiopathic?

A

disease of an unknown cause

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8
Q

what is pathology and pathogenesis

A

the study of the disease process

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9
Q

what are clinical features

A

how that patient presents

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10
Q

what are investigations?

A

assessment findings, diagnostic tests, x-rays, ct what does the patient look like

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11
Q

what is prognosis?

A

plan, is the disease curable, life lasting, testable, manageable, exacerbations

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12
Q

what are two nutrients does a cell need in order to live?

A

glucose and oxygen

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13
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

controls what enters and exits the cell

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14
Q

what are 8 cellular functions?

A

movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, reproduction, communication, cellular respiration or metabolism

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15
Q

what happens to movement of a cell when adaption or injury occurs?

A

stiffness, weakness, atrophy

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16
Q

what happens to conductivity of a cell when adaptation or injury occurs?

A

heart abnormalities, decreased movement of the muscle

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17
Q

what happens to metabolic absorption of a cell when adaptation and injury occurs?

A

not able to absorb water and nutrients, not get hormones into the cells that need hormones, no transportation around the circulatory system

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18
Q

what happens to secretion of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?

A

hormonal imbalances

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19
Q

what happens to excretion of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?

A

full of waste products, might burst lysosomes
change in excretion and secretion from the cells

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20
Q

what happens to reproduction of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?

A

neurosis, collagen and scar tissue form, epithelial cells, a lot of trauma

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21
Q

what happens to communication of the cell when adaptation and injury occurs?

A

nervous system, no nerve impulses, sensation loss= no pain felt

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22
Q

what happens to cellular respiration or metabolism of the cell when adaption and injury occurs?

A

making and the breaking down balance, build up of waste products, no breaking down anything
ineffective cell function

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23
Q

what are four different types of tissue?

A

epithelial, connection, muscle and nervous

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24
Q

what are three different types of epithelial cells?

A

simple, stratified, pseudo-stratified

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25
Q

what are four types of connective tissue?

A

loose, dense, cartilage, bone

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26
Q

what are three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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27
Q

what tissue covers the skin GI, resp (almost everything

A

epithelial tissue

28
Q

what tissue interacts with blood

A

epithelial tissue

29
Q

what tissue is the innermost lining of our vascular system?

A

epithelial tissue

30
Q

in epithelial tissue what is super important?

A

renewal as this tissue is exposed

31
Q

in an epithelial tissue an altered______

A

altered shape= altered function

32
Q

what tissue connects everything?

A

connective tissue

33
Q

what tissue is a storage site for excess nutrients?

A

connective tissue

34
Q

what tissue can work voluntarily or involuntarily or both?

A

(voluntarily) skeletal, (involuntarily) cardiac, (both) respiratory muscles

35
Q

what tissue is highly specialized

A

nervous

36
Q

what tissue cannot be replaced if damaged ?

A

nervous

37
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the body maintaining a dynamic, steady state of internal balance

38
Q

what two things will happen to a cell if it undergoes prolonged or severe insults which disrupts homeostasis

A

1.) develop adaptive, compensatory changed to maintain homeostasis
2.) develop maladaptive changes, which are derangement of structure or function

39
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increase number of cells
over formation of cells
in response to increased workload, hormonal stimulation or increased cell division

40
Q

what are examples of hyperplasia?

A

milk duct proliferation in pregnancy
areolar epithelium during breastfeeding
liver regeneration following partial removal
skin regeneration (callous, thickening post injury)
uterine enlargement in pregnancy

41
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

over nourishment
increase in size of cells
in response to increase workload
increase cell size= increased organ size
can be normal physiology or pathologic
often seen in cells that cannot easily divide

42
Q

what are hypertrophy examples?

A

right ventricular hypertrophy
kidney enlargement when one is removed
uterine enlargement in pregnancy

43
Q

what is atrophy?

A

without nourishment
decrease in cell size (volume) or in number (apoptosis) of cells
use or lose it

44
Q

what are causes atrophy?

A

disuse or decrease in workload
poor blood supply
altered nerve supply
poor nutrition
decrease hormonal support

45
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

change in cell function and cell type
occurs when a differentiated cell cannot withstand stress and is replaced with another cell that can
can be reversible when conditions improve

46
Q

what are examples of metaplasia

A

stomach acid (stressors) and Barrett;s esophagus
changes in endothelial cells in the GI tract (Crohns)
smoking- changed in esophageal lining

47
Q

what is dysplasia

A

deranged cell growth of specific tissues that results in abnormal size, shape, organization and appearance of mature cells
dsyplasia can precede cancerous changes, not always

48
Q

dysplasia is common to what tissue?

A

common to the epithelial tissue of the cervix and respiratory tract

49
Q

when a cell becomes injured what four cellular changes can occur?

A

Na+/ K+ pump dysfunction
loss of plasma membrane
dysfunctional protein synthesis
intracelluar accumulations

50
Q

why has a Na+/ K+ pump dysfunction happen?

A

cells are unable to produce sufficient ATP so pump fails

51
Q

what happens next to the cell when a Na+/ K+ pump dysfunction occurs?

A

osmotic balance is altered…. cells swell

52
Q

why does a loss of plasma membrane happen?

A

the membrane integrity is breached and no longer protect the organelles

53
Q

what happens next with a loss of plasma membrane?

A

organelles injured
mitochondria- no energy production leading to cell death
nucleus- no regeneration
water can enter- cells swell

54
Q

why does a dysfunctional protein synthesis happen?

A

cells is in a hypoxic state or mitochondria has been damaged= no ATP (energy) and no protein synthesis

55
Q

what happens next with the dysfunctional protein synthesis

A

apoptosis

56
Q

why does intracellular accumulations happen?

A

the cells metabolic functioning has been altered

57
Q

what happens next to a intracellular accumulations?

A

accumulations impact cellular functioning

58
Q

what four things cause cellular damage?

A

toxic injury
infectious injury
physical injury
deficit injury

59
Q

what are examples of a toxic injury?

A

exogenous- from environment- lead alcohol, carbon monoxide, chemotherapeutic agents, immunosuppressants, free radicals
endogenous- from inside the body- high blood sugars, genetic abnormalities, malformations
metabolic errors

60
Q

what are examples of infectious injury?

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi
protozoans

61
Q

what are examples of physical injury

A

excessive heat or cold
radiations
trauma

62
Q

what are examples of deficit injury?

A

excessive heat or cold
radiation
trauma

63
Q

what treatments can reverse or treat cell injury?

A

Remove stressor
Administer Oxygen
Lower Blood Glucose
Increase circulating volume – fluids or blood
Relieve pain
Aid healing and prevent further tissue damage
Transplants, stem cell therapy, cloning

64
Q

what is the most common cause of cellular injury?

A

hypoxia

65
Q

what type of injury is hypoxia

A

deficit injury

66
Q

what causes hypoxic injury?

A

Inadequate oxygenation of the blood
Renal failure
Hypothermia
Compression
Shock, heart failure
Respiratory failure
Clots
Loss of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
Decrease oxygen in the air

pathophysiology- unit 1 cellular adaptation (1 decks)

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