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Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 1 Cells and Proteins: Key Area 2 - Protiens (Proteomics, Synthesis and Transport) > Flashcards

Unit 1 Cells and Proteins: Key Area 2 - Protiens (Proteomics, Synthesis and Transport) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is genomics?

A

The study of the genome.

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2
Q

What is the genome?

A

The genome is the total genetic material in a cell.

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3
Q

What is the proteome?

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome.

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4
Q

Is the proteome larger than the genome?

A

Yes, especially in eukaryotes.

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5
Q

Why is the proteome larger than genome?

A

The proteome is larger because more than one protein can be produced from a single gene as a result of alternative RNA splicing..

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6
Q

What are not always expressed as proteins in a cell?

A

Genes.

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7
Q

What are genes that do not code for proteins called?

A

Non-coding RNA genes.

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8
Q

What are examples of non-coding RNA genes?

A

Those that are transcribed to produce: tRNA, rRNA and RNA molecules that do not control the expression of other genes.

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9
Q

What factors and conditions affect the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type?

A

The metabolic activity of the cell, cellular stress, the response to signalling molecules and diseased v healthy cells.

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10
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have that increase the total area of membrane?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a system of internal membranes, which increases the total area of membrane.

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11
Q

Why do cells need membrane?

A

They increase the surface area of cells so the cell can carry out vital functions.

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12
Q

What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) do?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms a network of membrane tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane.

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13
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A

The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

And Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER).

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14
Q

What is the difference between the RER and SER?

A

The RER has ribosomes on its cytoplasmic face whereas the SER lacks ribosomes.

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15
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

The Golgi apparatus is a series of flattened membrane discs.

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16
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing a variety of hydrolases that digest proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.

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17
Q

What function do Vesicles carry out?

A

Vesicles transport materials between membrane compartments.

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18
Q

What is the structure of membranes made up of?

A

Lipids and Proteins.

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19
Q

Where are lipids and proteins of the membrane structure synthesised?

A

In the SER.

20
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

To synthesise lipids and insert them, into there membrane.

21
Q

Where does the synthesis of all proteins begin?

A

In cytosolic ribosomes where cytosomes are not attached to the ER.

22
Q

What is protein synthesis, site of completion dependent on?

A

The type of protein being synthesised.

23
Q

Where is the synthesis of cytosolic proteins completed and where do they go afterwards?

A

In cytosolic ribosomes and they remain in the cytosol.

24
Q

What do transmembrane proteins do?

A

Transmembrane proteins carry a signal sequence, which halts translation and directs the ribosome synthesising the protein to dock with the ER, forming RER.

25
Q

What is a signal sequence?

A

A short stretch of amino acids at one end of the polypeptide that determines the eventual location of a protein in a cell

26
Q

What happens after docking of a ribosome with ER to form RER?

A

Translation continues after docking and the protein is inserted into the membrane of the ER.

27
Q

Where does synthesis start, finish and where does the product go for the product - Lipids?

A

Synthesis start in the SER and ends in the SER. The product goes to the SER membrane.

28
Q

Where does synthesis start, finish and where does the product go for the product - Cytosolic proteins?

A

Synthesis start in the cytosolic ribosome and ends in the cytosolic ribosome. The product goes to the Cytosol.

29
Q

Where does synthesis start, finish and where does the product go for the product - Transmembrane Proteins?

A

Synthesis start in the cytosolic ribosome and ends in the RER . The product goes to the RER Membrane.

30
Q

Once synthesised at the ER, where can proteins go to?

A

They can move around the cell to wherever it is needed.

31
Q

Once proteins are in the ER how are they transported?

A

Once the proteins are in the ER, they are transported by vesicles that bud off from the ER and fuse with the Golgi apparatus.

32
Q

How do molecules move through the Golgi apparatus?

A

Molecules move through the Golgi discs in vesicles that bud off from one disc and fuse to the next disc in the stack.

33
Q

What happens as proteins move through the Golgi apparatus?

A

As proteins move through the Golgi apparatus they undergo post-translational modification.

34
Q

What happens to the proteins during post-translational modification in the Golgi apparatus?

A

The polypeptide chains have carbohydrates or phosphates added to them or are cleaved (cut) to make them an active protein.

35
Q

What catalyses the addition of various sugars in multiple steps to form carbohydrates?

A

Enzymes.

36
Q

Is the addition of carbohydrates to the protein a minor modification?

A

No, this is a major modification.

37
Q

Where do vesicles that leave the Golgi apparatus take proteins to?

A

Vesicles that leave the Golgi apparatus take proteins to the plasma membrane and lysosomes which has a membrane.

38
Q

What do vesicles move along?

A

Vesicles move along microtubules to other membranes and fuse with them within the cell.

39
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Structure that make up the cell cytoskeleton and offer support and a means of transport.

40
Q

What are the 5 different type of proteins?

A 
S - Structural
H- HormoneS
A - Antibodies
R - Receptors 
E - Enzymes
41
Q

What happens to secreted proteins?

A

Secreted proteins are translated in ribosomes on the RER and enter its lumen. (Extra) They bud off the RER in a vesicle and go to the Golgi Apparatus.

42
Q

What happens to the Secreted proteins that are translated and enter the lumen?

A

They move through the Golgi Apparatus and are packaged into secretory vesicles. These vesicles move to and fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the protein out of the cell.

43
Q

What are many secreted proteins synthesised as and what do they require to happen?

A

Many secreted proteins are synthesised as inactive precursors and require proteolytic cleavage to produce active proteins.

44
Q

What is proteolytic cleavage?

A

A type of post-translational modification where the polypeptide is cut out.

45
Q

What is an example of secreted proteins that require proteolytic cleavage to become active?

A

Digestive enzymes.

Advanced Higher Biology (7 decks)

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