Unit 1 - Cells and Protein

Question 1

Eukaryotic cells have large/ small surface area:volume

Answer 1

Small due to size

Question 2

What do eukaryotic cells provide to increase surface area

Answer 2

System of internal membranes so vital functions can take place

Question 3

Full name of ER

Answer 3

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

What is the ER

Answer 4

Membrane network continuous of nuclear membrane

Question 5

What is the cytosolic face

Answer 5

Side that faces cytoplasm

Question 6

Difference between rough ER and smooth ER

Answer 6

rough ER has ribosomes on cytosolic face - smooth ER doesnt

Question 7

What is the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 7

Series of flattened membrane discs

• connected to allow mollecules to move along GA
• adjacent ER

Question 8

Define vesicle

Answer 8

Transport material between membrane compartments

-consist of aqueous solution enclosed by lipid bilayer

Question 9

Definie secretory vesicle

Answer 9

Vesicle that transports hormones ect. from organelles to specific sites at cell membrane where it docks on and releases content

Question 10

What are Lysosomes

Answer 10

Membrane bound organelles containing variety of hydrolases

Question 11

What do hydrolases do

Answer 11

Digest protein, lipids, nucleic acid and carbohydrates

Question 12

What is the interior of a Lysosome like

Answer 12

Acidic - allows optimal enzyme function

Question 13

What is a signal sequence

Answer 13

Short strech of amino acids at one end of the polypeptide chain that determines location of protein in cell

Question 14

What are covalent modifications

Answer 14

Enzyme calatlysed alterations of synthesised proteins

Question 15

What do covalent modifications include

Answer 15

Addition or removal of chemical groups - can target single thpe of amino acid or myltiple amino acids and will change the chemical properties of the site

Question 16

When does post translational modification take place

Answer 16

As molecules move through Golgi Disks in vesicle thay bud off from one disc and fuse to next

Question 17

Post translational modifications (8)

Answer 17

Phosphorylation, Methylation, Lipidation, Acetylation, SuMoylation, Ubiquitination, Glycosylation, Hydroxylation

Question 18

What is Phosphorylation

Answer 18

Addition of Phosphate to serine/threonine/thyrosin

Question 19

What is Methylation

Answer 19

Addition of CH4 group usually to Lysine/ arginine Vesicle

Question 20

What is Lipidation

Answer 20

Attachment of lipid/ fatty acid to protein chain

Question 21

What is Acetylation

Answer 21

Addition of Acetyl group to N-terminus of protein/ Lysine residue

Question 22

What is SuMo

Answer 22

Small ubiquitin like modifier

Question 23

What is SuMoylation

Answer 23

Addition of SuMo to target protein

Question 24

What is ubiquitination

Answer 24

Addition of ubiquitin to Lysine residue of target protein of degredation

Question 25

What is libiquitin

Answer 25

Small protein

Question 26

What is glycolysation

Answer 26

Attachment of sugar usually to N or O in amino acid side chain

Question 27

What is hydroxylation

Answer 27

Attachment of -OH group to side chain of protein

Question 28

What are microtubules

Answer 28

Hollow, fibrous shafts that support give cell shape

Question 29

What is a secretory protein

Answer 29

Any protein secreted by a cell

Question 30

What are 2 examples of secretory proteins

Answer 30

Hormones (eg insulin), emzymes (eg trypsin)

Question 31

Where are secretory proteins translated

Answer 31

In ribosome on RER

Question 32

Difference in secretory vesicles and vesicles (mobility)

Answer 32

Secretory vesicles- transport cell secretion = can move | Vesicles- membrane bound = cant move

Question 33

What does precursor stand for

Answer 33

Parent

Question 34

Many secretory vesicles are synthesised and (1) and require (2) to produce (3)

Answer 34

1 inactive precursors 2 proteolytic cleavage 3 active protein

Question 35

What is proteolytic cleave

Answer 35

A type of posttranslational modification eg digestive proteins

Question 36

What are amino acids and what do they do

Answer 36

Building blocks of protein | - determine structure

Question 37

Whats a monomer

Answer 37

Molecule that may bind to other molecules to form polymer

Question 38

What is a polymer

Answer 38

Large molecule made of subunits (monomers)

Question 39

Proteins are monomers/polymers

Answer 39

Polymers

Question 40

What type of bonds links amino acids

Answer 40

Peptide bonds

Question 41

What type of binds are peptide bonds

Answer 41

Covalent bonds

Question 42

Amino group

Answer 42

H3N

Question 43

Amino acids have same (1) but (2) may differ

Answer 43

1 basic structure | 2 R- Groups

Question 44

Types of amino acids

Answer 44

Acidic/ basic/ polar/ non polar

Question 45

Properties of acidic amino acids

Answer 45

Negatively charged - hydrophilic - COO- - pH 7

Question 46

Properties of basic amino acids

Answer 46

Positively charged - hydrophilic - NH3 - pH7

Question 47

Properties of polar amino acids

Answer 47

- hydrophilic | - C=H/ CH/ NH

Question 48

Properties of non polar amino acids

Answer 48

- hydrophobic | - hydrocarbon group

Question 49

Low pH = (1) | High pH = (2)

Answer 49

1 pos charge | 2 neg charge

Question 50

Define Isoelectric point

Answer 50

pH at which net charge is 0

Question 51

How does isoelectric point affect amino acids

Answer 51

They are least soluble at isoelectric point