Unit 1 cell structure and organization Flashcards
what is the structure and function of nucleus
controls all the activities of the cell. it contains the genes on the chromosomes that carry the instructions for making the proteins needed to build new cells or new organisms
what is the structure and function of cytoplasm
a liquid gel in which most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place, for example, the first stages of respiration
what is the structure and function of the cell membrane
controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions into the cell. It also controls the movement of substances such as urea or hormones out of the cell.
what are the 5 parts of an animal cell
cell membrane
ribosomes
mitochondria
cytoplasm
nucleus
what are the 8 parts of a plant cell
cell membrane
ribosomes
cellulose / cell wall
mitochondria
cytoplasm
permanent vacuole
chloroplasts
nucleus
what are 2 differences between plants and animals
plants make their own food using photosynthesis
plants stay in one place and do not move their whole bodies about from one place to another
what 3 parts are common between plant and algal cells
cellulose / cell wall
chloroplasts
permanent vacuole
do all plant cells have the same structure?
no, all plant cells consists of cellulose however some of them do not have chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole
what is the structure and function of the cellulose
strengthens and supports the plant / algal cell
what is the structure and function of the chloroplast
found in all green parts of the plant, they are green because they contain the green substance chlorophyll.
why do root cells not have chloroplasts
they are underground and do not photosynthesize
what is the structure and function of the permanent vacuole
space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap, this is important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant
What is algae
simple aquatic organisms with many similar characterstics as plant cells
can algae be classified as plants
they were for centuries, but they are now part of a different kingdom
what are 5 characterstics of prokaryotic cells
no nucleus DNA is looped in the cytoplasm
very small cells often less than 5micrometers
no membrane bound organelles
cell wall not made of cellulose
some genes may be in separate circular structures called plasmids
what are 5 characterstics of eukaryotic cells
bigger cells usually between 10-100micrometers
membrane bound nucleus containing DNA
membrane bound organelles
animal cells have no cell wall, plant cells have cellulose cell wall
no plasmids
what type of cells do plants and animals have
eukaryotic cells
how many micrometers is 1 milimeter
1000micrometers
how to calculate cell size? (image)
size of image = size of actual object X magnification
are all bacteria harmful?
no, some of them may cause disease while others are harmless, some of which are actually really helpful to humans
suggest 6 use cases of bacteria
make food like cheese and yogurt
sewage treatment
make medicines
used in natural cycles such as the carbon and nitrogen cycle
important part of a healthy gut
plays an important role as decomposers in food chains and webs
does magnification have units
no, its just multiplying and dividing, however always use the same units for the size of image and size of actual object
how many bacterial cells make up one bacterium?
1 cell
what is the structure and function of ribosomes
where protein synthesis takes place, making all the proteins needed in the cell
what is the structure and function of the mitochondria
structures in the cytoplasm where oxygen is used and where most of the energy is released during respiration
what is the structure and function of the chlorophyll
found in chloroplasts, chlorophyll absorbs light energy to make food by photosynthesis
how can you see the bacterial colony with your naked eye
culture bacteria on the agar plate, this grows many millions of bacteria
what are the smallest living organisms?
single cells
what are specialized cells
a cell with a structure adapted to suit it’s particular function
how do specialized cells look compared to plant and animal cells
often very different as they are made to carry out specific functions
give 7 examples of specialized cells
nerve cells
fat cells
root hair cells
cone cells in the human eye
red blood cells
sperm cells
egg cells
what are 2 functions of a fat cell?
If you eat more food than you need, your body makes fat and stores it in fat cells.
The fat can be broken down and used to transfer energy when it is needed
what tissue can be formed by fat cells
thousands of fat cells together form adipose tissue
how do fat cells help animals?
fat cells help animals, including humans, to survive when food is in short supply
what are the three main adaptations of fat cells
they have a small amount of cytoplasm and large amounts of fat
they have few mitochondria as the cells need very little energy
they can expand- a fat cell can end up 1000 times its original size as it fills up with fat
where are cone cells located?
the light sensitive layer of the human eye
what is the function of a cone cell
cone cells makes it possible for us to see in color
what is the adaptation of the outer segment on a cone cell
contains a special chemical, a visual pigment, which changes chemically in colored light. It needs energy to change back to its original form. The visual pigments are based on the vitamin A on your diet.
what is the adaptation of the middle segment on a cone cell
packed full of mitochondria, The mitochondria transfers the energy needed to reform the visual pigment. This lets you see continually in color
what is the adaptation of the innermost part of the cone cell
made up of specialized synapses that connect to the optic nerve. When colored light makes your visual pigment change, a nerve impulse is triggered. This makes its way along the optic nerve to your brain
how many main adaptations does a cone cell carry?
3
where are root hair cells found
close to the tips of growing roots in plants
what are the two main adaptations of the root hair cell
the root hairs increase the surface area for water to move into the cell
the root hair cells have a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell
state 4 adaptations of sperm cells
a long tail whips from side to side and helps move the sperm towards the egg
the middle section is full of mitochondria, which provide the energy for the tail to work
the acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg
a large nucleus contains the genetic information to be passed on
what is the function of a root hair cell
help plants take in a lot of water and mineral ions more efficiently. The water and mineral ions then pass easily across the root to the xylem tissue. The xylem tissue carries water and mineral ions up into the rest of the plant. Mineral ions are moved into the cell by active transport.
what do sperm cells contain?
genetic information of the male parent
how are sperm cells transported?
depending on the type of animal, sperm cells need to move through water or the female reproductive system to reach an egg. then they have to break into the egg
where are sperm cells usually released?
a long way from the egg they are going to fertilise
what are tissues
a group of cells with similar structure and function working together
give 1 function of a muscular tissue
can contract to bring about movement
give 1 function of a glandular tisssue
contains secretory cells that can produce and secrete (release) substances such as enzymes and hormones
give 1 function of an epithelial tissue
covers the outside of your body as well as your internal organs
name 3 tissues found in animals
muscular tissues
glandular tissues
epithelial tissues
what is 1 function of an epidermal tissue
cover the surfaces and protect plants
what is the function of palisade mesophyll
contains lots of chloroplasts and can carry out photosynthesis
what is the function of spongy mesophyll
has some chloroplasts for photosynthesis but also has big air spaces and a large surface area to make the diffusion of gases easier.
what are xylem and phloem
the transport tissues in plants
what is the function of xylem and phloem
carry water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots up to the leaves and transport dissolved food from the leaves around the plant.
what are organs
a group of tissues working together
what are the functions of the 3 tissues found in the stomach
muscular tissue, to churn the food and digestive juices together and move the contents through the digestive system
glandular tissue, to produce the digestive juices that break down food
epithelial tissue, which covers the inside and the outside of the organ.
what are the 2 important functions of pancreas and what type of glandular tissues does it contain
makes hormones to control our blood glucose, as well as some of the enzymes that digest our food. it contains two very different types of glandular tissue to produce these different secretions.
name the organs of a plant
leaves, stems, roots
describe the tissues in a plant
differentiated cells which forms specialized tissues
what is a whole multicellular organism made up of
multiple organ systems
give three examples of an organ system found in humans
digestive system
cardiovascular system
breathing system
what are 2 purposes of the digestive system
mammals and other animals exchanging substances with the environment
breaks down the food we eat into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into our bloodstream and used by our cells
what are the 12 parts of the digestive system
mouth
oesophagus
diaphragm
stomach
liver
gall bladder
what is the function of glands in the digestive system
glands (ex- salivary glands and the pancreas) Produce digestive juices containing enzymes that chemically break down food molecules
what is the function of the stomach in the digestive system
stomach is Where the digestion of protein in food takes place
what is the function of the liver in thr digestive system
Produces bile, which helps in the digestion of lipids (fats)
what is the function of the small intestine in the digestive system
the small intestine is Where digestion takes place and where soluble food is absorbed into the bloodstream
what is the function of the large intestine in the digestive system
the large intestine is Where water is absorbed from undigested food, producing faeces
what is an example of a system where gasses are exchanged with the environment
the mammal digestive system
Define an organ system
groups of organs that performs a particular function
what is a substance in a solution
a solute
what is diffusion
net movement of particles from an area where they are at a high concentration to an area where they are at a lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.
what is net movement in diffusion and how do particles move
particles moving into area of low concentration - particles moving out
particles move randomly
what is concentration gradient and how does it impact diffusion
concentration gradient is the difference of concentration between the two areas, the bigger the difference, the steeper the concentration gradient and the faster the rate of diffusion.
name three factors which affect the rate of diffusion
Concentration Gradient
Temperature
surface area of membrane
how does temperature affect the rate of diffusion
An increase in temperature means the particles in a gas or a solution move around more quickly. When this happens, diffusion takes place more rapidly as the random movement of the particles speeds up.
name 3 examples of substances which move in and out of our cells through diffusion
simple sugars such as glucose
gases such as oxygen
waste products such as uea
how does increasing the surface area of the cell membrane impact the rate of diffusion
as the surface area of the cell membrane is increased, the area over which diffusion can take place is greatly increased hence more particles of a substance moves by diffusion in a given time.
