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Biology > Unit 1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

Unit 1 Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an organelle

A

A part of a cell with a specialised function

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2
Q

Animal cell organelles

A

Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Nucleus

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3
Q

Plant cell organelles

A

Cell membrane
Cell wall (made from cellulose)
Mitochondria
cytoplasm
Ribosome
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Vacuole

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4
Q

Fungal cell organelles

A

Cell membrane
Cell wall
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Nucleus

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5
Q

Bacterial cell organelles

A

Cell membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Bacterial chromosome
Plasmid
Flagellum
Pili

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6
Q

Function of a nucleus

A

Contains genetic information

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7
Q

Function of a cytoplasm

A

Site of chemical reactions

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8
Q

Function of a Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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9
Q

Function of a chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

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10
Q

Function of a cell membrane

A

Control’s transportation of materials entering and exiting the cell

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11
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Supports cell structure

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12
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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13
Q

Function of a plasmid

A

Extra DNA in bacterial cell

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14
Q

Function of a vacuole

A

Contains cell sap
Helps maintain water balance in plant cell

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15
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to a lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

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16
Q

In an animal cell, what happens to a red blood cell if the water concentration outside the cell is higher than inside

A

The red blood cell bursts

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17
Q

In an animal cell, what happens to a red blood cell if the water concentration inside the cell is higher than outside

A

The red blood cell shrinks

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18
Q

What is hypertonic solution

A

Has less than/is more concentrated than it’s surroundings

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19
Q

What is hypotonic solution

A

Has more water than/is less concentrated than it’s surroundings

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20
Q

What is isotonic

A

Has equal water to/is equally concentrated with its surroundings

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21
Q

what is diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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22
Q

diffusion is a passive process, this means…

A

no energy is needed for it to take place

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23
Q

diffusion is important to cells…

A

to move materials in and out of cells

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24
Q

which substances move INTO cells by diffusion?

A

glucose
oxygen
amino acids

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25
Q

which substances move OUT of cells by diffusion

A

carbon dioxide

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26
Q

what is active transport

A

movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to hight concentration
against the concentration gradient

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27
Q

diffusion is an active process, this means…

A

it requires energy from ATP

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28
Q

what happens during active transport?

A

proteins pump molecules across the membrane during active transport

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29
Q

what are proteins?

A

very important biological molecules
control a lot of things which keeps cells functioning

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30
Q

what are proteins made up of?

A

chains of amino acids

31
Q

what are hormones

A

hormones are chemical messengers which allow different parts of our bodies to communicate
they travel around the body through blood

32
Q

what are antibodies

A

antibodies are part of the body’s defence against disease
they are produced by white blood cells to stop infection

33
Q

what are enzymes

A

enzymes are biological catalysts
they speed up chemical reactions
each enzyme has a different shape, this is important to its function

34
Q

what are enzymes made by

A

enzymes are made by all living cells and have a roll to play in most cellular processes

35
Q

what is enzyme activity affected by?

A

PH and temperature

36
Q

enzymes conditions work best at…

A

optimum conditions

37
Q

how does PH and temperature affect proteins?

A

they cause the shape of the protein to change so it can carry out its job as efficiently and the protein can’t function anymore which means it’s denatured

38
Q

what are the 4 types of DNA bases?

A

cytosine
guanine
thymine
adenine

39
Q

what are bases?

A

carries genetic information
each base is part of a nucleotide
they each have a different shape

40
Q

what is a gene

A

section of DNA which codes for a protein
proteins enable cell to perform functions

41
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A

double stranded helix
held together by complimentary base pairs

42
Q

what are the base pairs?

A

adenine and thymine
guanine and cytosine

43
Q

what are proteins made up of

A

chains of amino acids

44
Q

how many amino acids can be used for proteins?

A

20

45
Q

stages of making a protein

A

DNA unwinds inside nucleus
copy of a section of DNA is made - single stranded copy called mRNA
mRNA passes through nucleus into cytoplasm to get to a ribosome
at ribosome order of bases is read
codes for sequence of amino acids
order of amino acids determines what protein is made

46
Q

protein functions within plants

A

structural
enzymes
hormones
antibodies
receptors

47
Q

what do structural proteins do

A

offer support to different parts of the body

48
Q

what are enzymes?

A

substances which speed up chemical reactions but remain unchanged in the process

49
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers
that carry info from one part of body to another
produced by endocrine glands
circulate in bloodstream

50
Q

what are antibodies

A

combine with foreign pathogens to protect body from disease causing organisms

51
Q

what are build up reactions

A

synthesis reactions
join small molecules together to produce a larger product
phosphorylase enzyme catalyses a synthesis reaction

52
Q

what are break down reactions

A

degradation reactions
split large molecules to produce a smaller product
amylase enzyme catalyses a degradation reaction

53
Q

what do degradation reactions allow

A

the process of digestion to take place

54
Q

what is the main factor that affects enzyme activity?

A

temperature

55
Q

what happens as temperature is increased

A

Enzyme activity increases to a maximum value of the optimum temperature

56
Q

what happens when the temperature is increased above the optimum temperature?

A

Enzyme activity decreases

57
Q

What happens to enzymes a high temperature?

A

The enzyme shape has altered so that it’s no longer complimentary to the specific substrate, the enzyme is said to be denatured

58
Q

what is PH?

A

A measure of how acidic or alkaline solution is
enzyme activity is at its maximum volume at the optimum pH

59
Q

What happens as the pH value is increased above or decreased below the optimum pH

A

Enzyme activity decreases

60
Q

what is the optimum pH range of pepsin?

A

9

61
Q

what is the working range of pepsin?

A

PH 7 - 11

62
Q

What is the pH range of most other enzymes?

A

working PH 5 - 9 with neutral pH, 7 being the optimum

63
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

A process which allows DNA to be exchanged between organisms, this allows scientists to make useful products

64
Q

stages of genetic engineering

A

Stage 1 - identify section of DNA that contains require gene from source chromosome
Stage 2- extract the required gene
Stage 3- insert which required gene into bacterial plasmid
Stage 4- extract plasmid from a bacterial cell

65
Q

Products made using the process of genetic engineering

A

Insolence treat diabetes
Growth hormones to treat some forms of dwarfism
Factor VIII to treat haemophilia

66
Q

what is respiration

A

chemical energy stored in glucose
released by all cells through enzyme controlled reactions

67
Q

respiration word equation

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

68
Q

what is ATP

A

a molecule that allows energy to be transferred from one process to another

69
Q

what is ATP made of

A

made in cells from ADP and inorganic phosphate (pi)

70
Q

what is used to generate ATP

A

energy released from the breakdown of glucose

71
Q

what can the energy transferred by ATP be used for

A

cellular activities:
movement
nerve impulses
cell division
protein synthesis
muscle contraction

72
Q

aerobic respiration stage 1

A

glycolysis
in cytoplasm
does not require oxygen

73
Q

aerobic respiration stage 2

A

takes place in mitochondria
DOES require oxygen

74
Q

fermentation

A

no oxygen present
takes place in cytoplasm

Biology (5 decks)

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