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Biology F211 > Unit 1 : Cell Membranes > Flashcards

Unit 1 : Cell Membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate-a molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. it can be broken down to adenosine diphosphate + phosphate to release energy to drive metabolic processes.

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2
Q

What is a channel protein?

A

A protein pore than spans a membrane, through which very small ions and water soluble molecules may pass.

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3
Q

What is cell signalling?

A

Processes that lead to cell communication and coordination between cells. Hormones binding to their receptors on the cell surface membrane are an example.

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4
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A lipid molecule (not a triglyceride) found in all cell membranes and involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones.

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5
Q

What are cilia?

A

Short extensions of prokaryotic cells used for locomotion or to move fluids or mucus over a surface.

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6
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The network of protein fibres and microtubules found within the cell that gives the structure to the cell and is responsible for the movement of many materials within it.

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of molecules or ions in a gas or liquid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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8
Q

What is the diffusion gradient?

A

The gradient in molecular concentration(the difference in concentrations) that allows diffusion to occur.

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9
Q

What is the division of labour?

A

Any system where different parts perform specialised functions, each contributing to the function of the whole.

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10
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process of taking materials into a cell by surrounding them with part of the plasma membrane, which then pinches off to form a vesicle inside the cell. This requires ATP.

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11
Q

What are the Endoplasmic reticulums and what do they do?

A

A series of membrane bound flattened sacs extending from the outer nuclear membrane through the cytoplasm. It may appear rough (RER) when ribosomes are attached, and is involved in protein synthesis. It may appear smooth (SER) and is involved with lipid metabolism or membrane formation.

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12
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

An organism that has cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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13
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process of removing materials from the cell by fusing vesicles containing the material with the plasma membrane.

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14
Q

What does extracellular mean?

A

Outside the cell. Extracellular enzymes/digestion work outside the cell.

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15
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The passive movement of molecules across membranes down their concentration, which is aided by transport(carrier) protein molecules. No metabolic energy is required.

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16
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

The model of cell membrane structure proposed by Singer and Nicholson-a phospholipid bilayer with proteins ‘floating’ in it.

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17
Q

What is Glycerol?

A

A 3-carbon (alcohol) molecule. It forms the basis of lipids when fatty acids are bonded to it.

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18
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

A lipid with a carbohydrate molecules attached.

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19
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

A protein with a carbohydrate molecules attached.

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20
Q

What is the Golgi body and what is its function?

A

It is a membrane-bound organelle in eukaryote cells. its functions are: to modify proteins that are made at the RER, into glycoproteins, Also, to package proteins for secretion outside of the cell. To make lysosomes, In plants, to secrete carbohydrates that make up the cell walls.

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21
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Associating with water molecules easily. (water-loving)

22
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Water-repelling. (water-hating)

23
Q

What are lipids?

A

A diverse group of chemicals that includes triglycerides, fatty acids and cholesterol.

24
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

They are membrane-bound vesicles made by pinching off from the Golgi-body. They usually contain digestive enzymes.

25
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of times greater an image is than the object.

26
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A

A type of RNA polynucleotide involved in protein synthesis. Carries the information coding for a polypeptide from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

27
Q

What are microtubules?

A

They are components of the cytoskeleton. They are involved in mitosis, cytokinesis and movement of vesicles within cells.

28
Q

What are mitochondrion?

A

Organelles found in cells in which most of the ATP synthesis occurs. It is the site of aerobic respiration.

29
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

A large, membrane bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells, which contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes.

30
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A structure inside a cell. Each organelle has a specific function.

31
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane.

32
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane that will allow some molecules to pass through but will not allow some others to pass through.

33
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

A cell that can carry out phagocytosis and ingest bacteria or small particles. Macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytes.

34
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

A vacuole inside a phagocyte which is created by an infolding of the plasma membrane to engulf a foreign particle. The foreign particle is held inside the phagosome.

35
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A molecule consisting of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group covalently bonded together. Phospholipids form the basis of cell membranes.

36
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

The process of endocytosis involving the bulk movement of liquids into a cell.

37
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

The membrane that surrounds every cell, forming the selectively permeable boundary between the cell and its environment.

38
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small, circular piece of DNA present in some bacterial cells. Plasmids may have genes for antibiotic resistance. Plasmids can also be used as vectors in genetic engineering.

39
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

Detachment of the plasma membrane from the cell wall as the cytoplasm shrinks when water is lost from a plant cell.

40
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

An organism with cells that do not contain a true nucleus.

41
Q

What are receptor sites?

A

Protein or glycoprotein molecules on cell surfaces, used for attachment of specific substances such as hormones or viruses,

42
Q

What is the resolution of something?

A

The ability to distinguish two separate points as distinct from each other.

43
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process in which energy is released from complex molecules, such as glucose, within cells and transferred to molecules of ATP.

44
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

The organelle, made of two subunits, on which proteins are synthesised inside the cell.

45
Q

What is secretion?

A

The release of a substance made inside the cell using the process of exocytosis.

46
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration.

47
Q

What is a thylakoid?

A

Flattened membrane sacs found in chloroplasts, which hold the pigments used in photosynthesis and are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. A stack of thylakoids.

48
Q

What does turgid mean?

A

Describes a cell that is full of water as a result of entry of water due to osmosis. When the pressure of the cell wall prevents more water from entering.

49
Q

What is the cell’s ultrastructure?

A

The detailed structure of the internal components of cells as revealed by the electron microscope rather than by the light microscope. Sometimes called fine structure.

50
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A membrane-bound sac found in cells and used to transport materials around the cell.

51
Q

What does water potential mean?

A

A measure of the ability of water molecules to move freely in solution. Measures the potential for a solution to lose water -water moves from a solution with high water potential to one of lower water potential. Water potential is decreased by the presence of solutes.

Biology F211 (4 decks)

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