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N5 Biology > Unit 1: Cell biology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Cells are microscopic building blocks of unicellular and multicellular living organisms.

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of cells?

A

Animal, Plant, Bacterial and Fungal.

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3
Q

Name everything in a animal cell:

A 
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Cell membrane 
Nucleus
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4
Q

Name everything in a bacterial cell:

A 
Plasmids
Chromosome
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall 
Ribosomes
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5
Q

Name everything in a plant cell:

A 
Cytoplasm
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Vacuole
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6
Q

Name everything in a fungal cell:

A 
Nucleus
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic information and controls the cells activities. Also controls protein production.

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Outer layer made of fibres called cellulose, which gives it strength. The cell wall also supports the plant cell and gives the cell it’s shape/structure.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It’s the thin layer surrounding the cytoplasm. Also, the cell membrane controls what come in and out of the cell through a selectively-permeable membrane.

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10
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions where ATP is made, (site of aerobic respiration).

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11
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Stores water within the cell and helps with the structure of the cell, as well.

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12
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis. (Where proteins are put together)

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13
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

The site of chemical reactions within the cell.

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14
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide gas to produce food for the plant. (Stores the chlorophyll). Location where photosynthesis occurs and sugar is produced.

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15
Q

What is the function of the plasmid?

A

Small circular DNA molecules. Contains genes that help cell to function, eg genes for antibiotic resistance.

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16
Q

What is an extracellular environment?

A

The extracellular environment is the area outside of the cell.

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17
Q

What are the two layers of the cell membrane made out of?

A

Phospholipids and proteins.

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18
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

The phospholipid molecules are able to move around within the layers and give the cell membrane flexibility.

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19
Q

What does the term ‘selectively permeable’ mean?

A

It lets some substances pass through rapidly and some substances pass through more slowly, but prevents other substances passing through it at all.

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20
Q

What molecules can pass through without ‘aid’?

A

Water, oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass directly through the phospholipids in the cell membrane. Water passes through by osmosis and the carbon dioxide and oxygen can pass through by diffusion.

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21
Q

What does the concentration gradient mean?

A

It means that it moves from places of high concentration to places of low concentration. Osmosis and diffusion move with the concentration gradient, until they are evenly spread. Active transport go against the concentration gradient.

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22
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area where they are at a higher concentration to areas where they are at a lower concentration.

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23
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water/solvent molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration, through a selectively permeable membrane

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24
Q

Why is diffusion important?

A

Diffusion is important to cells because it allows them to gain the useful substances they require to obtain energy and grow, and lets them get rid of waste products.

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25
Q

What happens to animal cells when placed in a solution with the same water concentration as its cytoplasm?

A

Animal cells placed in a solution with the same water concentration as their cytoplasm will not experience an overall change in volume. No osmosis occurs.

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26
Q

What happens to animal cells when placed in a solution with a higher water concentration (pure water) than their cytoplasm?

A

Animal Cells placed in a solution with a higher water concentration compared to their contents (eg pure water) will gain water by osmosis, swell up and burst.

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27
Q

What is meant by the term hypertonic?

A

More concentrated solution (e.g. more salt or sugar) outside the cell.

28
Q

What is meant by the term hypotonic?

A

There is a more dilute solution (e.g. more water) outside the cell.

29
Q

What happens to animal cells when placed in a solution with a higher salt/sugar concentration than their cytoplasm?

A

Animal cells placed in a solution with a lower water concentration compared to their contents (eg 1.7 per cent salt solution) will lose water by osmosis and shrink.

30
Q

What happens to plant cells when placed in a solution with a higher water concentration (pure water) than their cytoplasm?

A

Plant cells placed in a solution with a high water concentration compared to their contents (eg pure water) will gain water by osmosis and swell up until their cytoplasm and cell membrane are pushing against their cell wall. They are said to be turgid.

31
Q

What happens to plant cells when placed in a solution with a higher salt/sugar concentration than their cytoplasm?

A

Plant cells placed in a solution with a low water concentration compared to their contents (concentrated sugar solution) will lose water by osmosis. Their cell membranes will peel away from their cell walls and they are said to be plasmolysed.

32
Q

What is passive transport?

A

It’s when molecules diffuse across the cell membrane by travelling through specific transport proteins. It occurs down a concentration gradient - molecules move from an area of high to lower concentration. This does not require a supply of energy because diffusion is a spontaneous process.

33
Q

When does active transport occur?

A

It occurs when molecules are moved across the cell membrane from an area where they are at a low concentration to an area where they are at a high concentration by specific transport proteins.

34
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA carries the genetic information in the cells of all living organisms. It contains codes for the assembly of amino acids into all the proteins required in the body.

35
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

36
Q

What information does DNA have?

A

The information DNA contains is the instructions that the cell uses to make proteins. Proteins play a big part in determining the characteristics of specialised cells and whole organisms.

37
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

38
Q

What are the 4 bases called?

A

A(denine)
T(hymine)
G(uanine)
C(ytosine)

39
Q

What bases are complementary to each other?

A

A-T and G-C

40
Q

What is the term used to describe the shape of DNA?

A

A double helix

41
Q

What is a amino acid?

A

The building blocks that make up a protein molecule.

42
Q

How many bases are in 1 amino acid?

A

3

43
Q

What is the ‘mRNA’?

A

The instructions for making proteins.

44
Q

Where are the proteins assembled?

A

The ribosome(s).

45
Q

What are the types of proteins?

A

Structural, hormones, enzymes and antibodies.

46
Q

How long is a protein? (in amino acids)

A

400 amino acids

47
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst. (Catalyst is something that speeds up a reaction and isn’t generally used up in a reaction).

48
Q

What is meant by the term ‘optimum’?

A

The most favourable situation or level for growth, reproduction, or success.

49
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substance on which a enzyme acts upon.

50
Q

How do enzymes act with substrates?

A

By attaching to them.

51
Q

What is the part of an enzyme that one or more substrates molecules can attach to called?

A

The active site.

52
Q

What is degradation?

A

A breakdown reaction- when a chemical compound splits into smaller parts.

53
Q

What is meant by ‘synthesis’?

A

A build-up reaction- when two or more substances form together to make one substance.

54
Q

Enzymes are ‘substrate specific.’ What does this mean?

A

Enzymes are substrate specific because different enzymes have different shaped active sites.

55
Q

What happens when an enzyme is at its ‘optimum conditions’?

A

Its most active rate of the biological reaction it catalyses is highest.

56
Q

What is the optimum temperature for most human enzymes?

A

37 degrees Celsius

57
Q

What word is used to describe when an enzyme changes its shape/has its shape changed? (This process is irreversible and permanent)

A

Denaturation

58
Q

When does an enzyme ‘denature’?

A

Temperature way above optimum

pH is too acidic or alkaline

59
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Genetic engineering is the transfer of DNA from one organism to another using biotechnology. The organism receiving the DNA is said to be genetically modified (GM).

60
Q

What is the stages of genetic engineering?

A

The stages of this method of genetic engineering are:

The location of the section of DNA containing the gene for making the human protein insulin must be identified.
A specific enzyme is used to extract the required gene from the human chromosome.
Plasmids are then removed from bacterial cells.
The DNA of the plasmids is cut open with a specific enzyme.
The human insulin gene is inserted into each plasmid.
The plasmid acts as a vector - it is used to transfer DNA from one organism to another.
Bacterial cells are made to take up the genetically modified plasmids.
Bacterial cells that successfully take up plasmids are described as being transformed. They can also be called genetically modified organisms. The bacteria are host cells for the plasmids.
Each bacterial cell will produce a tiny mass of insulin.
By culturing the genetically modified bacteria large quantities of insulin protein can be produced and extracted.

61
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is the cellular process of releasing energy from food and storing it as ATP.

62
Q

What cell activities require energy?

A

Cell division
Synthesis of proteins from amino acids
Active transport
Muscle cell contraction (in animal bodies)
Transmission of nerve impulses (in animal bodies)

63
Q

What is the aerobic respiration word equation?

A

Glucose+Oxygen——>Carbon dioxide+Water+ATP(energy)

64
Q

When does fermentation take place?

A

When there is the absence of oxygen. (only in plants)

65
Q

What is the first stage called in aerobic respiration? (This stage doesn’t require Oxygen).

A

Glycolysis

66
Q

What the difference between anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic doesn’t require oxygen and produce less energy (ATP). Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more energy (ATP).

67
Q

Glucose——->lactate+energy

What is this process called?

A

Fermentation in animal cells/anaerobic respiration

N5 Biology (3 decks)

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