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N5 Biology > Unit 1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells? (Give definition)

A

The building blocks of life.

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2
Q

What are all living organisms made of? (think small!)

A

All living organisms are made of cells.

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3
Q

What are the cell types? :o

A

Animal, plant, fungal(like yeast), and bacterial.

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4
Q

What are the organelles (structures) in an animal cell?

A

Cell membranes, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm and mitochondria.

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5
Q

What are the organelles (structures) in a plant cell?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplast, ribosome, vacuole, and mitochondria.

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6
Q

What are the organelles (structures) of a fungal cell?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, ribosome, cytoplasm, mitochondria and vacuole.

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7
Q

What are the structures of a bacteria cell?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, chromosome, ribosome, cytoplasm and plasmid.

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8
Q

What makes a bacterial cell different from the others? What do they NOT contain?

A

Organelles; bacterial cells considered way too smol, and call their ‘organelles’ as structures.

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9
Q

How would someone see a cell?

A

Microscope; this is called ultrastructure.

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10
Q

What organelle/structure is found in all cells?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.

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11
Q

What are cell walls consisted/made of? Remember: cell walls are only found in plant, fungal and bacterial.

A

Plant cells consist of cellulose. Fungal and bacterial are varied in their structure and chemical substances.

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12
Q

Why does a bacterial cell have ‘structures’ but not ‘organelles’?

A

Cos they’re too smol. (Same)

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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic information (DNA); additionally controls cell activity.

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14
Q

What is a structure only found in the bacterial cell?

A

Plasmid.

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15
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

It is the site of protein synthesis.

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16
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Provides energy for the cell; to divide, move, and function.

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17
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process of cell division.

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18
Q

What are cell membranes consisted/made of?

A

Proteins and phospholipids.

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19
Q

What is meant by ‘selectively permeable’?

A

Meaning the membrane that controls the entering and exiting of the cell because of its size. ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

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20
Q

What are the five main types of proteins?

A

Hormones, enzymes, antibodies, structural proteins and receptors

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21
Q

What are enzymes? Give def.

A

They are biological catalysts.

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22
Q

What are catalysts? (Chemistry nerds sweating this)

A

Substances which speed up chemical reactions.

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23
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts and/or protein.

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24
Q

What is the substance that an enzyme reacts to? What is it called?

A

Substrate.

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25
Q

What is the substance produced after a reaction?

A

Product(s).

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26
Q

Fill the blanks: Enzymes, Proteins.

All ___ are ____, but not all _____ are _____.

A

All enzymes are proteins, but not all proteins are enzymes.

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27
Q

Will enzymes use other substrates? Give a reason why/why not.

A

They only react with a specific substrate. The reason is because they are complementary.

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28
Q

What happens to an enzyme after the reaction? Can they be re-used?

A

They are unchanged. They are also reusable. Recycle..

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29
Q

Enzymes change after a reaction. T/F?

A

lol false.

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30
Q

Give an example of a ‘structural protein’?

A

Nails, hair, skin.

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31
Q

What can enzymes be affected by?

A

Temperature and pH.

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32
Q

What is meant by optimum?

A

The best working conditions that an enzyme will work.

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33
Q

What is an active site?

A

A position in an enzyme which a substrate can bind itself to.

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34
Q

What is meant by specific? When an enzyme is specific?

A

Each enzyme reacts with a specific (only one) substrate.

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35
Q

Give a protein and name it’s function.

A

Enzymes: biological catalyst.
Hormones: chemical messengers.
Receptors: allows cells to recognise internal/external surroundings
Structural protein: gives strength/protection.
Antibodies: fights against disease.

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36
Q

What happens to an enzyme when temperature is increased beyond optimum?

A

Becomes denatured and will stop working.

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37
Q

What is DNA? (Not meaning the full name-)

A

DNA is the genetic code for making proteins.

38
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double-stranded helix.

39
Q

What are the four bases? :))

A

A, T, C, G

40
Q

How do the bases like to be paired? And what are they called that makes them that way?

A

A - T, C - G. They are complementary.

41
Q

What is meant by complementary? And what makes it different from specific?

A

Complementary means it is a perfect match. Specific simply just means they only bind with one. (It’s different, okay, seriously.)

42
Q

The genetic code is provided by the DNA. What are proteins made of though?

A

Chain of amino acids, in order of the genetic code.

43
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

Ribosome.

44
Q

What is mRNA? Why is it needed?

A

mRNA meaning Messenger RNA is messenger which carries the genetic coding to a ribosome. It is needed as DNA itself is too large (thicc) to exit the cell.

45
Q

Bonus hint/tip:

DNA>mRNA>AA=P

A

Order of DNA bases —> order of mRNA bases —> order of amino acids in proteins.

46
Q

Bonus hint/tip:

A

Complementary and specific are commonly mixed up. Know each definition carefully.

47
Q

What is the base order for mRNA?

A

A, U, C, G

48
Q

What is the shape of an RNA?

A

Single stranded.

49
Q

What is a gene?

A

Small section of DNA.

50
Q

What is diffusion? Give def.

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules DOWN a concentration gradient from a HIGHER to LOWER concentration.

51
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

Nope. It is passive.

52
Q

What is osmosis? Give def.

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a HIGHER water concentration to a LOWER water concentration, through a selectively permeable membrane down a water concentration.

53
Q

Bonus hint/tip: osmosis

A

Osmosis only/always happens through a selectively permeable membrane.

54
Q

Does osmosis require energy?

A

Nope. It’s a passive movement.

55
Q

What is meant by passive transport? What makes it different to active? Give def.

A

Passive transport meaning it requires no energy, and describes movement of molecules from a high to low concentration.

56
Q

Give examples of passive transport.

A

Osmosis and diffusion.

57
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport means it requires energy. It is the movement on molecules from a low to high concentration, against the concentration gradient.

58
Q

What does active transport require?

A

Energy (ATP).

59
Q

What happens to an animal cell when placed in a solution of higher water concentration?

A

May burst.

60
Q

What happens to an animal cell when placed in a solution of lower water concentration?

A

Shrinks.

61
Q

What happens to an animal cell when placed in a solution of the same water concentration?

A

Remains the same/unchanged.

62
Q

What happens to a plant cell when placed in a solution of higher water concentration?

A

Plant cell becomes turgid.

63
Q

What happens to a plant cell when placed in a solution of the same water concentration?

A

Remains unchanged. Nothing happens.

64
Q

What happens to a plant cell when placed in a solution of lower water concentration?

A

Becomes plasmolysed.

65
Q

Can an animal cell be turgid? Or plasmolysed?

A

No. Such terms are only used to describe plant cells.

66
Q

What is the concentration gradient? Give def.

A

The different concentration levels between two solutions/cells/solutions in cells.

67
Q

What are the subunits for proteins? (Re:w)

A

Amino acids.

68
Q

What is genetic engineering? Give def.

A

Genetic engineering is the transfer of DNA from one organism to another, using biotechnology.

69
Q

What are the advantages of genetic engineering?

A
  • GM crops/animals could be higher yield and/or better tasting.
  • Increase food security for increasing human population.
  • Have positive effect on environment, decrease usage of pesticides.
70
Q

What are the disadvantages of genetic engineering?

A
  • Safety issues.
  • Ethnical issues .
  • A concern for scientists that we do not know what we are fully tampering with.
71
Q

What is meant by a donor? Give def.

A

Organism which the genetic material is obtained from to transfer to the recipient.

72
Q

What is meant by a recipient?

A

A cell or organism which receives the genetic material from donor.

73
Q

What is a vector?

A

What is used to transfer the genetic material from donor to recipient.

74
Q

Give an example of a vector.

A

Plasmid and/or virus.

75
Q

Products which can be produced by genetic engineering?

A

Insulin, hormones, antibodies, etc.

76
Q

Give the steps of the genetic engineering process.

A
  1. The location of the gene must be identified
  2. A specific enzyme is used to extract the required gene.
  3. Plasmids are then removed from bacterial cells.
  4. The plasmids are cut open with a specific enzyme.
  5. The gene is inserted into each plasmid.
  6. Modified plasmids placed back in bacteria.
  7. Perfect conditions must be given to bacteria to grow and reproduce.
77
Q

What is meant by respiration? Give def.

A

Respiration is the process in which the chemical energy stored in glucose is released.

78
Q

Where does respiration occur? In plants only? Animals only?

A

Respiration occurs in all living cells.

79
Q

What are the types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and fermentation.

80
Q

What are the differences between aerobic and fermentation? What does one require and one don’t?

A

Aerobic needs oxygen, whilst fermentation does not.

81
Q

What happens in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen is used to breakdown the molecules of glucose.

82
Q

Give the first step of aerobic respiration. What happens? Where is it taken place?

A

2ATP molecules is the energy which converts the glucose molecule into pyruvate acid. It is a degradation reaction, and is taken place in the cytoplasm.

83
Q

Describe the second step of aerobic respiration. What happens? Where is it taken place?

A

Pyruvate acid —> carbon dioxide+water due to the presence of oxygen. This is taken place in the mitochondria.

84
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen + glucose —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

85
Q

What are the subunits for ATP?

A

ADP and Pi/inorganic phosphate.

86
Q

What is fermentation? Give def.

A

The breakdown of glucose molecules when oxygen is not present.

87
Q

Give the first step of fermentation. What happens? Where is it taken place?

A

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate. It is taken place in the cytoplasm.

88
Q

Describe step two of fermentation in animal cells. Give desc, and word equation.

A

Pyruvate becomes lactic acid.

Glucose + pyruvate —> lactate

89
Q

Describe step two of fermentation in plant cells. Give desc, and word equation.

A

Pyruvate becomes carbon dioxide and ethanol.

Glucose + pyruvate —> carbon dioxide + ethanol

90
Q

Bonus hint/tip: respiration

A

Aerobic respiration step one and two for animal/plant cell are the same. Only in fermentation is step one the same, whilst step two for animal/plant cell differ.

91
Q

What is ethanol?

A

The alcohol product resulted from fermentation.

N5 Biology (2 decks)

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