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Nat 5 Biology > Unit 1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the NUCLEUS?

A

Controls genetic information and controls all cell activities

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2
Q

What is the function of the CELL MEMBRANE?

A

Selectively permeable; controls what enter and leaves the cell

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3
Q

What is the function of the CYTOPLASM?

A

Site of chemical reactions

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4
Q

What is the function of the MITOCHONDRIA?

A

Site of aerobic respiration (energy production)

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5
Q

What is the function of the RIBOSOME?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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6
Q

What is the function of the CELL WALL?

A

Freely permeable; involved in support of the plant

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7
Q

What is the function of the SAP VACUOLE?

A

Helps keep the shape of the cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the CHLOROPLAST?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of the PLASMID?

A

Circular piece of DNA found in bacterial cells

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10
Q

What structures can be found in an animal cell?

5 structures

A 
Cell Membrane 
Cytoplasm
Nucleus 
Mitochondria 
Ribosome
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11
Q

What structures can be found in a plant cell?

8 structures

A 
Cell Membrane 
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Sap Vacuole
Chloroplast 
Mitochondria
Ribosome
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12
Q

What structures can be found in a fungal cell?

7 structures

A 
Cell Membrane 
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Sap Vacuole 
Mitochondria
Ribosome
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13
Q

What structures can be found in a bacterial cell?

5 structures

A 
Cell Membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Cell Wall
Ribosome 
Plasmid
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14
Q

How do you work out the length of a cell?

A

Field of view divided by the number of cells

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15
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

Small particles can pass through the cell membrane but larger molecules can’t

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16
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The difference in the concentration of a liquid/ gas on either side of the cell membrane

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17
Q

Why is osmosis described as passive transport?

A

It does not require energy

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18
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

A double helix

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19
Q

Describe how DNA strands are linked together?

A

Complementary base pairs

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20
Q

What is the term used to describe a comparison group in a scientific research?

A

A control

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21
Q

Describe passive transport?

A

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
It moves down the concentration gradient
It does not require energy

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22
Q

What diffuses into an animal cell?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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23
Q

What diffuse out of an animal cell?

A

Carbon dioxide

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24
Q

What diffuses into cells?

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide (plants only)
Glucose
Amino acids

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25
Q

What diffuses out of cells?

A

Carbon dioxide
Oxygen (plants only)
Urea

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26
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water

It is also passive transport

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27
Q

What is the effect of osmosis on a plant cell if the water concentration is higher outside the cell?

A

The cell becomes turgid (the cell membrane expands)

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28
Q

What is the effect of osmosis on a plant cell if the water concentration is higher inside the cell?

A

The cell becomes plasmolysed (the cell membrane shrinks)

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29
Q

What is the effect of osmosis on an animal cell if the water concentration is higher outside the cell?

A

The cell bursts

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30
Q

What is the effect of osmosis on an animal cell if the water concentration is higher inside the cell?

A

The cell shrinks

31
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules across the cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
It is against the concentration gradient
It always requires energy

32
Q

What elements are proteins made from? (4 elements)

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

33
Q

What is the sequence of events in the production of a protein from the genetic code?

A

DNA
mRNA
amino acids
proteins

34
Q

What is a molecule of DNA made up of?

A

Millions of tiny subunits called nucleotides

35
Q

What does “G” stand for?

A

Guanine

36
Q

What does “T” stand for?

A

Thymine

37
Q

What does “C” stand for?

A

Cytosine

38
Q

What does “A” stand for?

A

Adenine

39
Q

What does Guanine pair with?

A

Cytosine

40
Q

What does Thymine pair with?

A

Adenine

41
Q

What does Cytosine pair with?

A

Guanine

42
Q

What does Adenine pair with?

A

Thymine

43
Q

Where and what are proteins made by?

A

Small organelles in the cytoplasm called ribosomes

44
Q

What do the ribosomes do?

A

Assemble the amino acids in the right order to make the final protein

45
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A

A copy/ transcript of the genetic code in the DNA

46
Q

Why is DNA copied by mRNA?

A

To make proteins

47
Q

What letter replaces “T” in RNA?

A

“U”

48
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

It speeds up a chemical reaction but is left unchanged in the process and can be used over and over again

49
Q

What are catalyst known as in living things?

A

Enzymes

50
Q

What would happen if cells did not have enzymes?

A

Chemical reactions would happen so slowly that life would be impossible

51
Q

What is an example of a degradation enzyme?

A

Catalase

52
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is broken down to make what?

A

Water + Oxygen

53
Q

What is an example of a synthesis enzyme?

A

Phosphorylase

54
Q

What is the product of glucose-1-phosphate?

A

Starch

55
Q

What does an enzyme work on?

A

A substrate

56
Q

What is the product?

A

The substance the enzyme works on

57
Q

What does specific mean when talking about enzymes?

A

An enzyme will only work with one substrate

58
Q

What two factors affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature and pH

59
Q

What is the optimum temperature?

A

The temperature at which the enzyme works the fastest

60
Q

What happens to enzymes at very high temperatures?

A

They become denatured

61
Q

What happens to an enzyme once it is denatured?

A

It will never work again

62
Q

What happen to enzymes at cold temperatures?

A

They work really slowly

63
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The transfer of a gene from one organism into another organism

64
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen GOES TO 38energy molecules + CO2 + H2O

65
Q

Why do cells need energy?

A

To carry out a variety of cell functions

66
Q

What do cells need energy for?

A 
Cell Division 
Chemical Reactions 
Cell Growth
Nerve Impulse 
Muscular Contraction
Breaking up Larger Molecules
67
Q

What are the three main food groups?

A

Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates

68
Q

What food group contains the most energy?

A

Fats

69
Q

How is energy produced?

A

By a chemical reaction called aerobic respiration

70
Q

Where is energy stored?

A

In a molecule called ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

71
Q

What is produced when glucose is “burned”?

A

38 ATP molecules

72
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A

One adenosine and three phosphates

73
Q

How is ATP made?

A

By joining ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and phosphate

Nat 5 Biology (2 decks)

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