Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > Unit 1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 Cell Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane controls, what can leave or enter the cell 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is where all of the chemical reactions of the cell take place 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the function of the nucleus? 

A

Controls cell function and stores DNA 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the function of a chloroplast? 

A

where photosynthesis takes place 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the function of the vacuole? 

A

stores water and minerals 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the function of the cell wall? 

A

provides support and is made of cellulose 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

site of aerobic respiration 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane? 

A

The cell membrane consists of two different molecules, proteins and phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is passive transport?

A

passive transport, as when molecules of a substance move down a concentration gradient which does not require energy for example, diffusion, 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is osmosis? 

A

osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens to a plant cell placed in pure water?

A

Becomes turgid 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens to a plant cell in a strong salt solution?

A

it becomes plasmolysed 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens to an animal cell placed in pure water?

A

The cell bursts 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens to an animal cell placed in a strong sugar solution? 

A

The cell shrinks 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do we call DNA?

A

Double-stranded helix 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the four base pairs? 

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the complementary base pairs?

A

Adenine and thymine
guanine and cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are structural proteins?

A

structural proteins are used to give support to cellular structures eg the proteins found in cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are enzymes?

A

enzymes are biological catalysts, that speed up chemical reactions and are made up of proteins 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the molecule which an enzyme works on?

A

A substrate 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is diffusion? 

A

diffusion is the movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration down a concentration and gradient does not require energy. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins? 

A

amino acids 

24
Q

what does the sequence of amino acids determine?

A

The final structure of the protein and the structure will decide the function It will carry. 

25
Q

how do enzymes catalyse biological reactions?

A

1.substrate collides with active site of enzyme and binds
2.enzyme degrades substrate
3.products released from active site

26
Q

what are hormone proteins?

A

hormones are chemical messengers that carry specific messages through the bloodstream eg. insulin signalling to the liver to store excess glucose in the form of glycogen

27
Q

what are antibody proteins?

A

Antibodies defend against pathogens like bacteria and viruses eg immunoglobulins that provide a defence against influenza viruses.

28
Q

what are receptor proteins?

A

receptor proteins allow cells to recognise substances eg liver cells have receptors for the signals sent by insulin

29
Q

what are enzyme proteins?

A

enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the cell eg starch is broken down into maltose using amylase in the digestive system.

30
Q

what are the 4 key properties of enzymes?

A

-made up of protein
-speed up chemical reactions
-produced by living cells
-remain unchanged during a chemical reaction

31
Q

what will an enzyme bind to?

A

an enzyme binds to a molecule called it’s substrate, an enzyme will only fit with its SPECIFIC substrate (no other substrates fit)

32
Q

what happens once the specific substrate binds to the enzyme at its active site?

A

a product is produced by the reaction

33
Q

what is the active site?

A

the active site is where the substrate and the enzyme meet

34
Q

what happens at the active site once the enzyme and the substrate meet?

A

they will form a enzyme-substrate-complex which will the produce products

35
Q

what is a degradation reaction?

A

using an enzyme to break down a large molecule into smaller molecules

36
Q

what is amylase and what does it do?

A

amylase is in your saliva and it breaks down starch into maltose (a sugar)

starch————>maltose
amylase

(this is an example of a degradation reaction)

37
Q

what is a synthesis reaction?

A

using an enzyme to build smaller molecules into a larger molecule

38
Q

what is an example of a synthesis reaction?

A

Glucose 1 Phosphate———————->starch
Phosphorylase

39
Q

what are optimum conditions?

A

the conditions where an enzyme works best at, the optimum isn’t the same for each enzyme eg temperature and pH

40
Q

what happens once the enzyme has gone beyond its optimum?

A

the protein will become denatured and stop working, the shape of the active site changes meaning the substrate can’t bind anymore

41
Q

what is genetic engineering?

A

the process of transferring genetic information from one organism to another

42
Q

what is an example of genetic engineering?

A

insulin, golden rice

43
Q

where is the DNA found in bacterial cells?

A

the plasmid which has a ring of DNA

44
Q

what are the stages of genetic engineering?

A
  1. required gene identified + extracted from the chromosome using enzymes
  2. plasmid extracted from the bacterial cell
  3. plasmid is cut open using enzymes
  4. required gene inserted in plasmid and sealed using enzymes
  5. the modified plasmid inserted into bacterial cell producing a genetically modified organism
  6. GM bacterial cell reproduces rapidly
45
Q

what is the respiration equation?

A

glucose+oxygen———>energy+CO2+water

46
Q

what is ATP?

A

the high energy molecule produced during respiration is Adenosine-Tri-Phosphate, this is the substance we use for all energy

Adenosine—Pi—Pi—Pi
Pi(phosphates)

47
Q

What is ADP?

A

when one of the chains of the tri phosphate breaks, the phosphate will then be free from the molecule and energy will be released. the molecule would then be called Adenosine Di-Phosphate (ADP)
Adenosine—Pi—Pi Pi
^(broken from molecule)

48
Q

What energy is needed for breaking down ATP into ADP or ADP into ATP?

A

Breaking down ATP into ADP releases energy,
Synthesising ADP into ATP requires energy

49
Q

What are the 2 forms of respiration?

A

aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

50
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A
  • requires energy
    -takes place in the mitochondria
    -produces many ATP
51
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

-does not require oxygen
-takes place in the cytoplasm
-produces 2 molecules of ATP

52
Q

what is the first stage of respiration?

A

Glycolysis ; Glyco- Glucose, Lysis- Splitting
takes place in the cytoplasm

2 ATP produced from Glucose broken down into Pyruvate

53
Q

what is stage 2 of Aerobic respiration?

A

36 ATP produced from Pyruvate being broken down into carbon dioxide and water

Takes place in the mitochondria

Oxygen must be present

54
Q

what is stage 2 of anaerobic respiration or fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is broken down into lactic acid

Takes place in the cytoplasm
No oxygen
Produces less ATP than aerobic respiration

55
Q

What stage 2 of fermentation in plants and yeast?

A

Pyruvate is broken down into ethanol (alcohol)+ carbon dioxide

biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions