unit 1 - cell biology Flashcards
Why is CELL DIVISION necessary?
To allow living things to grow and repair damaged parts (broken bones, cuts, etc)
How many DAUGHTER CELLS are produced from a PARENT CELL during CELL DIVISION?
2 identical daughter cells are produced during Cell Division
How many chromosomes do DAUGHTER CELLS contain?
Daughter cells have an identical number of chromosomes to their parent cell.
In detail, what are the stages of CELL DIVISION?
- the chromosomes inside the parent cell make an identical copy of themselves, forming an ‘X’ shape.
- the chromosomes vertically line up along the centre of the cell
- the chromosomes pull away from each other and split into two cells
What is the possible result of UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION?
Cancer/tumours
Where are GENES found?
Genes are found inside chromosomes, inside the nucleus of a cell.
What makes up GENES?
D.N.A
What forms PROTEINS?
D.N.A carries the instructions to create proteins
If a GENE is DAMAGED, what will happen to the ALLOCATED PROTEIN?
The protein that the gene is responsible for making will also be damaged
Some cells (BACTERIA) can be used to produce useful things for humans. What is this known as?
This is known as GENETIC ENGINEERING
State two examples of how GENETIC ENGINEERING can be used to produce things for human use.
Insulin can be produced to treat diabetics
Human Growth Hormone can be produced to treat growth issues in humans
A summary of the process of GENETIC ENGINEERING is:
The desired gene is put into a bacterial cell.
The bacterial cell grows and divides, creating many copies of the desired gene.
The desired gene is extracted from the bacteria and then purified.
What are ENZYMES, and where are they found?
Enzymes are catalysts. They turn substrates into products.
Enzymes are SPECIFIC, meaning that they will only work on one substrate.
They are found in all living chromosomes.
What is the ACTIVE SITE?
The active site is the place where the substrate attaches to the enzyme.
An example of an ENZYME is:
Rennet, used to make cheese.
State another use of ENZYMES.
Enzymes can be used in laundry detergents and washing powders. They are referred to as BIOLOGICAL WASHING POWDERS.
State two benefits of BIOLOGICAL WASHING POWDERS.
Biological washing powders can remove stains at a lower temperature.
This is beneficial because:
It saves money
It’s better for the environment
State two products of MICROORGANISMS that are useful to humans.
Food and Drink
What are the two mainly used microorganisms?
Bacteria and Fungus
State the uses of BACTERIA and FUNGUS in the food industry.
Bacteria can be used to make yoghurt and cheese.
The most commonly used type of fungus is yeast.
Yeast can be used to make bread, beer and wine.
What makes MICROORGANISMS useful in industry?
Microorganisms grow very quickly. They can also feed on many different things, like sugar or sewage.
What are the REQUIREMENTS for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
CHLOROPHYLL
CARBON DIOXIDE
WATER
LIGHT ENERGY
TEMPERATURE
If any of those things are not present, the rate of photosynthesis would be LIMITED, meaning the plant would grow slower and produce less STARCH.
What is RESPIRATION?
Respiration is the RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM FOOD and happens inside living chromosomes.
What is respiration with oxygen called?
Aerobic respiration. This releases more energy than anaerobic respiration.
