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biology > unit 1 - cell biology > Flashcards

unit 1 - cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is CELL DIVISION necessary?

A

To allow living things to grow and repair damaged parts (broken bones, cuts, etc)

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2
Q

How many DAUGHTER CELLS are produced from a PARENT CELL during CELL DIVISION?

A

2 identical daughter cells are produced during Cell Division

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3
Q

How many chromosomes do DAUGHTER CELLS contain?

A

Daughter cells have an identical number of chromosomes to their parent cell.

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4
Q

In detail, what are the stages of CELL DIVISION?

A
  1. the chromosomes inside the parent cell make an identical copy of themselves, forming an ‘X’ shape.
  2. the chromosomes vertically line up along the centre of the cell
  3. the chromosomes pull away from each other and split into two cells
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5
Q

What is the possible result of UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION?

A

Cancer/tumours

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6
Q

Where are GENES found?

A

Genes are found inside chromosomes, inside the nucleus of a cell.

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7
Q

What makes up GENES?

A

D.N.A

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8
Q

What forms PROTEINS?

A

D.N.A carries the instructions to create proteins

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9
Q

If a GENE is DAMAGED, what will happen to the ALLOCATED PROTEIN?

A

The protein that the gene is responsible for making will also be damaged

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10
Q

Some cells (BACTERIA) can be used to produce useful things for humans. What is this known as?

A

This is known as GENETIC ENGINEERING

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11
Q

State two examples of how GENETIC ENGINEERING can be used to produce things for human use.

A

Insulin can be produced to treat diabetics

Human Growth Hormone can be produced to treat growth issues in humans

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12
Q

A summary of the process of GENETIC ENGINEERING is:

A

The desired gene is put into a bacterial cell.

The bacterial cell grows and divides, creating many copies of the desired gene.

The desired gene is extracted from the bacteria and then purified.

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13
Q

What are ENZYMES, and where are they found?

A

Enzymes are catalysts. They turn substrates into products.

Enzymes are SPECIFIC, meaning that they will only work on one substrate.

They are found in all living chromosomes.

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14
Q

What is the ACTIVE SITE?

A

The active site is the place where the substrate attaches to the enzyme.

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15
Q

An example of an ENZYME is:

A

Rennet, used to make cheese.

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16
Q

State another use of ENZYMES.

A

Enzymes can be used in laundry detergents and washing powders. They are referred to as BIOLOGICAL WASHING POWDERS.

17
Q

State two benefits of BIOLOGICAL WASHING POWDERS.

A

Biological washing powders can remove stains at a lower temperature.

This is beneficial because:

It saves money
It’s better for the environment

18
Q

State two products of MICROORGANISMS that are useful to humans.

A

Food and Drink

19
Q

What are the two mainly used microorganisms?

A

Bacteria and Fungus

20
Q

State the uses of BACTERIA and FUNGUS in the food industry.

A

Bacteria can be used to make yoghurt and cheese.

The most commonly used type of fungus is yeast.

Yeast can be used to make bread, beer and wine.

21
Q

What makes MICROORGANISMS useful in industry?

A

Microorganisms grow very quickly. They can also feed on many different things, like sugar or sewage.

22
Q

What are the REQUIREMENTS for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

A

CHLOROPHYLL
CARBON DIOXIDE
WATER
LIGHT ENERGY
TEMPERATURE

If any of those things are not present, the rate of photosynthesis would be LIMITED, meaning the plant would grow slower and produce less STARCH.

23
Q

What is RESPIRATION?

A

Respiration is the RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM FOOD and happens inside living chromosomes.

24
Q

What is respiration with oxygen called?

A

Aerobic respiration. This releases more energy than anaerobic respiration.

25
Q

What is FERMENTATION?

A

Fermentation is respiration WITHOUT OXYGEN.

26
Q

What is the WORD EQUATION for AEROBIC respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

27
Q

During ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION in plant and yeast cells, glucose is used to release and make what?

A

Glucose releases ENERGY, and produces ETHANOL and CARBON DIOXIDE.

28
Q

During FERMENTATION in animal cells, glucose is used to release and make what?

A

Glucose is used to RELEASE ENERGY and produce LACTIC ACID.

29
Q

What is the RATE OF RESPIRATION affected by?

A

The temperature - since respiration is controlled by enzymes.

30
Q

What is GENE THERAPY, and why is it CONTROVERSIAL?

A

Gene therapy is used to treat people with inherited diseases. The affected copies of the gene are replaced with the correct copy.

Gene therapy is controversial because changing the genetic material of a living thing could have unpredictable effects.

31
Q

What is PHARMING, and why is it CONTROVERSIAL?

A

Pharming is the process of genetically modifying plants and animals to produce substances that may be used as pharmaceuticals (medicines).

Pharming is controversial because modified plants and animals could make their way into the food chain and harm other living things.

32
Q

What are TRANSGENIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS, and why are they CONTROVERSIAL?

A

The process of creating transgenic animals and plants is done by changing the genetic makeup of the animal/plant to contain more favourable characteristics. (example: produce more meat or more resistant to drought)

Transgenic animals and plants are controversial because some people think it is unethical to treat animals/plants in this way, since they cannot consent. The long term effects of genetic engineering are unknown.

33
Q

What is STEM CELL TREATMENT, and why is it CONTROVERSIAL?

A

Stem cell treatment is using stem cells to treat patients. (example: growing new skin for patients with serious scars or burns)

Stem cell treatment is controversial because the stem cells must be taken from zygote/embryo, which will not survive.

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