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Biology NAT 5 > Unit 1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 4 main types of cells

A

Plant, Animal, Fungal, Bacteria

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2
Q

What is the differcne between a Plant and Fungal cell

A

A Fungal cell is often seen with a bud scar

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3
Q

What is present in all other cells except for an animal cell

A

All other cells contain a cell wall whereas Animal cells just have a cell membrane

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4
Q

What is present in all cells. (Regardless of type)

A

Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Ribosomes

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5
Q

Define the function of a cell wall.

A

A cell wall supports the shape of the cell

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6
Q

Define the function of a cell membrane.

A

A cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.

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7
Q

Define the function of cytoplasm

A

It is the site of chemical reactions.

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8
Q

Define the function of Mitochondria.

A

Whilst being the powerhouse of the cells it is also the site of aerobic respiration.

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9
Q

Define the function of chloroplast

A

Whilst present in some plant cells it contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

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10
Q

Define the function of a Vacuole

A

A vacuole stores and regulates water as well as storing cell solutes.

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11
Q

Defien the function of a Nucleus

A

Controls the cell activites as well as storing DNA

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12
Q

Define the function of a Plasmid

A

A small circular DNA

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13
Q

What is present in an Animal Cell

A

cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes and cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is present within a fungal cell

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, vacuole, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and a Bud scar is often present.

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15
Q

What is present within a Plant cell

A

Vacuole, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane and cholroplast which contaisn chlorophyll.

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16
Q

What is present within a Bacteria Cell

A

Cytoplasm, chromosone (long and string like), plasmid (circular DNA), ribosomes, cell wall, cell membrane

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17
Q

What is Yeast a type of?

A

Yeast is a Single-Celled Fungus

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18
Q

What type of soluition is used to stain a cell.

A

Dye solution.

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19
Q

How to calculate the average length / bredth of a cell?

A

Count the number seen from one side of the cell to the other then divide it by the length given [often in milimeters (mm) or centimeres (cm)] and then convert to micrometers by multiplying by 1000. Then you’d present your answer as = …μm.

20
Q

What is a cell membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipids and protein.

21
Q

What is a cell membrane described as?

A

It is described as being selectively permeable.

22
Q

Define passive transport

A

Passive transport is when a substance moives down the concentration greadient from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

23
Q

Define diffusion.

A

Diffusion is passive transport within cells.

24
Q

What is Osmois

A

Osmosis is the movement of water from a high concentration to low, across a selectively permeable membrane.

25
Q

Define Active Transport.

A

Active transport is when a substance moves across a cell memberane agaisnt the concentration gradient (low to high concnetration). This requires energy.

26
Q

What shape is DNA in

A

A double stranded helix.

27
Q

What is a chromosome made up of.

A

DNA.

28
Q

What bases are DNA made up of and which order do they pair.

A

Cytsoine - Guanine

Adenine - Thymine

29
Q

What is mRNA

A

mRNA (messenger rybonucleic acid) is a molecule that carries a copy of the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome where it is synthesised.

30
Q

what is a catalyst

A

A catalyst is a specific enzyme used to speed up a reaction, yet remains unchanged.

31
Q

What catalyst breaks up Fat

A

lipase
fat ———-> fatty acids + glucose

Lipase = catalyst

32
Q

What catalyst breaks up hydrgoen peroxide

A

catalase

Hydrogen Peroxide ————> Oxygen + Water

33
Q

What catalyst breaks up strach

A

Amalayse

Strach —————> Moltose

34
Q

What does benedicts solution test for.

A

Sugar

35
Q

What does iodine solution test for

A

Starch

36
Q

What color does iodine solution turn when starch is present.

A

Brown/orange to blue/black when starch is present

37
Q

What color does benedicts solution turn when sugar is present after being heated.

A

Benedicts solution will turn Red from blue when heated if sugar is present.

38
Q

Enzymes are often called _____ to the substrates active site.

A

Complementary.

39
Q

Definition of a synthesis reaction

A

A reaction in which smaller molecules join together to make a larger molecule.

40
Q

Define a degredation reaction

A

When a larger molecule is broken down into smaller molcules.

41
Q

What are the steps to Genetic Engineering

A
  1. Identify the section of DNA that contains the source chromosme
  2. Cut out the required gene from the source chromosome using an enzyme to extract the gene
  3. Extract a plasmid from a bacteria cell and open it using an enzyme
  4. Seal the extracted gene into the bacteria’s plasmid using an enzyme
  5. Put the reprogrammed plasmid into a new bacteria cell to produce a new GM organsim
  6. Growth and reproduction of the GM cell.
42
Q

How many ATP is produced in aerobic respiration when oxygen is present

A

2 ATP

43
Q

What is the product of aerobic respiration.

A

Pyruvate.

44
Q

What is the product of Pyruvate + Oxygen

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water

45
Q

What is produced in the fermentation process

A

Pyruvate ( when oxygen is not present lactate is produced and such this can be reverisble).

46
Q

In the fermentation of plants when Glucose is used up what is produced when there is
a) no oxygen
b) oxygen
C) how much ATP Is used here

A

A) pyruvate is produced
B) Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
C) 2 ATP

Biology NAT 5 (3 decks)

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