Unit 1 - Cell Biology

Question 1

Name the 4 main types of cells

Answer 1

Plant, Animal, Fungal, Bacteria

Question 2

What is the differcne between a Plant and Fungal cell

Answer 2

A Fungal cell is often seen with a bud scar

Question 3

What is present in all other cells except for an animal cell

Answer 3

All other cells contain a cell wall whereas Animal cells just have a cell membrane

Question 4

What is present in all cells. (Regardless of type)

Answer 4

Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Ribosomes

Question 5

Define the function of a cell wall.

Answer 5

A cell wall supports the shape of the cell

Question 6

Define the function of a cell membrane.

Answer 6

A cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.

Question 7

Define the function of cytoplasm

Answer 7

It is the site of chemical reactions.

Question 8

Define the function of Mitochondria.

Answer 8

Whilst being the powerhouse of the cells it is also the site of aerobic respiration.

Question 9

Define the function of chloroplast

Answer 9

Whilst present in some plant cells it contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

Question 10

Define the function of a Vacuole

Answer 10

A vacuole stores and regulates water as well as storing cell solutes.

Question 11

Defien the function of a Nucleus

Answer 11

Controls the cell activites as well as storing DNA

Question 12

Define the function of a Plasmid

Answer 12

A small circular DNA

Question 13

What is present in an Animal Cell

Answer 13

cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes and cytoplasm

Question 14

What is present within a fungal cell

Answer 14

Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, vacuole, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and a Bud scar is often present.

Question 15

What is present within a Plant cell

Answer 15

Vacuole, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane and cholroplast which contaisn chlorophyll.

Question 16

What is present within a Bacteria Cell

Answer 16

Cytoplasm, chromosone (long and string like), plasmid (circular DNA), ribosomes, cell wall, cell membrane

Question 17

What is Yeast a type of?

Answer 17

Yeast is a Single-Celled Fungus

Question 18

What type of soluition is used to stain a cell.

Answer 18

Dye solution.

Question 19

How to calculate the average length / bredth of a cell?

Answer 19

Count the number seen from one side of the cell to the other then divide it by the length given [often in milimeters (mm) or centimeres (cm)] and then convert to micrometers by multiplying by 1000. Then you’d present your answer as = …μm.

Question 20

What is a cell membrane composed of?

Answer 20

Phospholipids and protein.

Question 21

What is a cell membrane described as?

Answer 21

It is described as being selectively permeable.

Question 22

Define passive transport

Answer 22

Passive transport is when a substance moives down the concentration greadient from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Question 23

Define diffusion.

Answer 23

Diffusion is passive transport within cells.

Question 24

What is Osmois

Answer 24

Osmosis is the movement of water from a high concentration to low, across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 25

Define Active Transport.

Answer 25

Active transport is when a substance moves across a cell memberane agaisnt the concentration gradient (low to high concnetration). This requires energy.

Question 26

What shape is DNA in

Answer 26

A double stranded helix.

Question 27

What is a chromosome made up of.

Answer 27

DNA.

Question 28

What bases are DNA made up of and which order do they pair.

Answer 28

Cytsoine - Guanine | Adenine - Thymine

Question 29

What is mRNA

Answer 29

mRNA (messenger rybonucleic acid) is a molecule that carries a copy of the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome where it is synthesised.

Question 30

what is a catalyst

Answer 30

A catalyst is a specific enzyme used to speed up a reaction, yet remains unchanged.

Question 31

What catalyst breaks up Fat

Answer 31

lipase fat ———-> fatty acids + glucose Lipase = catalyst

Question 32

What catalyst breaks up hydrgoen peroxide

Answer 32

catalase | Hydrogen Peroxide ————> Oxygen + Water

Question 33

What catalyst breaks up strach

Answer 33

Amalayse | Strach —————> Moltose

Question 34

What does benedicts solution test for.

Answer 34

Sugar

Question 35

What does iodine solution test for

Answer 35

Starch

Question 36

What color does iodine solution turn when starch is present.

Answer 36

Brown/orange to blue/black when starch is present

Question 37

What color does benedicts solution turn when sugar is present after being heated.

Answer 37

Benedicts solution will turn Red from blue when heated if sugar is present.

Question 38

Enzymes are often called _____ to the substrates active site.

Answer 38

Complementary.

Question 39

Definition of a synthesis reaction

Answer 39

A reaction in which smaller molecules join together to make a larger molecule.

Question 40

Define a degredation reaction

Answer 40

When a larger molecule is broken down into smaller molcules.

Question 41

What are the steps to Genetic Engineering

Answer 41

1. Identify the section of DNA that contains the source chromosme 2. Cut out the required gene from the source chromosome using an enzyme to extract the gene 3. Extract a plasmid from a bacteria cell and open it using an enzyme 4. Seal the extracted gene into the bacteria’s plasmid using an enzyme 5. Put the reprogrammed plasmid into a new bacteria cell to produce a new GM organsim 6. Growth and reproduction of the GM cell.

Question 42

How many ATP is produced in aerobic respiration when oxygen is present

Answer 42

2 ATP

Question 43

What is the product of aerobic respiration.

Answer 43

Pyruvate.

Question 44

What is the product of Pyruvate + Oxygen

Answer 44

Carbon Dioxide + Water

Question 45

What is produced in the fermentation process

Answer 45

Pyruvate ( when oxygen is not present lactate is produced and such this can be reverisble).

Question 46

In the fermentation of plants when Glucose is used up what is produced when there is a) no oxygen b) oxygen C) how much ATP Is used here

Answer 46

A) pyruvate is produced B) Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide C) 2 ATP