Unit 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards
Name the 4 main types of cells
Plant, Animal, Fungal, Bacteria
What is the differcne between a Plant and Fungal cell
A Fungal cell is often seen with a bud scar
What is present in all other cells except for an animal cell
All other cells contain a cell wall whereas Animal cells just have a cell membrane
What is present in all cells. (Regardless of type)
Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Ribosomes
Define the function of a cell wall.
A cell wall supports the shape of the cell
Define the function of a cell membrane.
A cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.
Define the function of cytoplasm
It is the site of chemical reactions.
Define the function of Mitochondria.
Whilst being the powerhouse of the cells it is also the site of aerobic respiration.
Define the function of chloroplast
Whilst present in some plant cells it contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis
Define the function of a Vacuole
A vacuole stores and regulates water as well as storing cell solutes.
Defien the function of a Nucleus
Controls the cell activites as well as storing DNA
Define the function of a Plasmid
A small circular DNA
What is present in an Animal Cell
cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes and cytoplasm
What is present within a fungal cell
Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, vacuole, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and a Bud scar is often present.
What is present within a Plant cell
Vacuole, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane and cholroplast which contaisn chlorophyll.
What is present within a Bacteria Cell
Cytoplasm, chromosone (long and string like), plasmid (circular DNA), ribosomes, cell wall, cell membrane
What is Yeast a type of?
Yeast is a Single-Celled Fungus
What type of soluition is used to stain a cell.
Dye solution.
How to calculate the average length / bredth of a cell?
Count the number seen from one side of the cell to the other then divide it by the length given [often in milimeters (mm) or centimeres (cm)] and then convert to micrometers by multiplying by 1000. Then you’d present your answer as = …μm.
What is a cell membrane composed of?
Phospholipids and protein.
What is a cell membrane described as?
It is described as being selectively permeable.
Define passive transport
Passive transport is when a substance moives down the concentration greadient from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Define diffusion.
Diffusion is passive transport within cells.
What is Osmois
Osmosis is the movement of water from a high concentration to low, across a selectively permeable membrane.
Define Active Transport.
Active transport is when a substance moves across a cell memberane agaisnt the concentration gradient (low to high concnetration). This requires energy.
What shape is DNA in
A double stranded helix.
What is a chromosome made up of.
DNA.
What bases are DNA made up of and which order do they pair.
Cytsoine - Guanine
Adenine - Thymine
What is mRNA
mRNA (messenger rybonucleic acid) is a molecule that carries a copy of the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome where it is synthesised.
what is a catalyst
A catalyst is a specific enzyme used to speed up a reaction, yet remains unchanged.
What catalyst breaks up Fat
lipase
fat ———-> fatty acids + glucose
Lipase = catalyst
What catalyst breaks up hydrgoen peroxide
catalase
Hydrogen Peroxide ————> Oxygen + Water
What catalyst breaks up strach
Amalayse
Strach —————> Moltose
What does benedicts solution test for.
Sugar
What does iodine solution test for
Starch
What color does iodine solution turn when starch is present.
Brown/orange to blue/black when starch is present
What color does benedicts solution turn when sugar is present after being heated.
Benedicts solution will turn Red from blue when heated if sugar is present.
Enzymes are often called _____ to the substrates active site.
Complementary.
Definition of a synthesis reaction
A reaction in which smaller molecules join together to make a larger molecule.
Define a degredation reaction
When a larger molecule is broken down into smaller molcules.
What are the steps to Genetic Engineering
- Identify the section of DNA that contains the source chromosme
- Cut out the required gene from the source chromosome using an enzyme to extract the gene
- Extract a plasmid from a bacteria cell and open it using an enzyme
- Seal the extracted gene into the bacteria’s plasmid using an enzyme
- Put the reprogrammed plasmid into a new bacteria cell to produce a new GM organsim
- Growth and reproduction of the GM cell.
How many ATP is produced in aerobic respiration when oxygen is present
2 ATP
What is the product of aerobic respiration.
Pyruvate.
What is the product of Pyruvate + Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide + Water
What is produced in the fermentation process
Pyruvate ( when oxygen is not present lactate is produced and such this can be reverisble).
In the fermentation of plants when Glucose is used up what is produced when there is
a) no oxygen
b) oxygen
C) how much ATP Is used here
A) pyruvate is produced
B) Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
C) 2 ATP
