Unit 1 Cell and DNA

Question 1

What are the 3 statements of cell theory:

Answer 1

1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
3. New cells come from existing cells

Question 2

What is Cytoplasm?

Answer 2

Holds everything inside the cell

Question 3

What are Vacuoles?

Answer 3

Water/keeps the cell in shape

Question 4

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 4

Has ribosomes, storage, and helps make protein

Question 5

What is the Cell Membrane?

Answer 5

Side walls and protect the cell

Question 6

What is the Mitochondria?

Answer 6

Powerhouse of the cell

Question 7

What are Ribosomes?

Answer 7

Sight of protein

Question 8

What is the Nucleus?

Answer 8

Controls everything and holds the DNA

Question 9

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 9

Packages protein

Question 10

What is a Vesicle?

Answer 10

Transports materials around the cell

Question 11

What is Hemoglobin?

Answer 11

Carries oxygen in the red blood cells.

Question 12

What is Insulin?

Answer 12

Regulates the level of glucose in the blood.

Question 13

What is Keratin?

Answer 13

Makes up hair and nails.

Question 14

What is Collagen?

Answer 14

Holds tissues together, and makes up bones.

Question 15

What are Enzymes?

Answer 15

Controls chemical reactions

Question 16

What are Antibodies?

Answer 16

Binds pathogens to protect the body.

Question 17

What is Fibrinogen?

Answer 17

Helps to clot blood

Question 18

What is Lactase?

Answer 18

Enzyme-digesting lactose which is found in milk.

Question 19

What elments is DNA made of?

Answer 19

Is made of many elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen)

Question 20

What is Nucleotide made out of?

Answer 20

It is made of Sugar (deoxyribose), Phosphate, One of four nitrogen bases.

Question 21

What are the four bases of Nitrogen?

Answer 21

A(adenine) & T(thymine)/U(Uracil)
C(cytosine) & G(guanine)

Question 22

What are the 3 different forms of DNA?

Answer 22

Chromatin - Untagled form
Chromosome - Condensed form
Sister Chromatid - Replicated form

Question 23

What are the 3 steps of DNA replication?

Answer 23

1. Unwinding of the double helix to expose the base. The enzyme helicase helps to unwind
   the helix.
2. Complementary base pairing
   The daughter strands are the same.
   The daughter strand has one parent strand and a new daughter strand
3. Joining of the newly created daughter strand

Question 24

3 points on RNA

Answer 24

1. Ribonucleic acid
2. Monomer RNA is also a nucleotide
3. Single-stranded

Question 25

What are 3 types of RNA?

Answer 25

mRNA - messenger, rRNA - ribosomal, tRNA - transfer

Question 26

What is transcription?

Answer 26

The process by which the information of the DNA is transferred into RNA

Question 27

What is translation?

Answer 27

This is the process in which the genetic code on the mRNA is read in groups of 3 (codon, triplet code) by the t RNA, and the appropriate amino acid is brought to the ribosomes to make protein. (tRNA has the anticodon for mRNA)

Question 28

4 steps of protein synthesis?

Answer 28

1. The cell receives a signal to make a protein 2. The process of transcription & translation is carried out 3. The protein is transported to the Golgi apparatus through the ER 4.Protein is packaged and either used in the cell or exported

Question 29

What are the main parts to the cell cycle?

Answer 29

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Question 30

What are the 3 steps of Interphase and what do they do?

Answer 30

G1 Phase Cell increases in size and makes the proteins and molecules necessary for the cell to function. S Phase DNA replication takes place. DNA makes a copy of itself. G2 Phase In the G phase, the cell continues to grow and is actively making materials such as proteins for the new cells that will be formed after cytokinesis. In this stage, organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts will be duplicated

Question 31

What are the phases of Mitosis?

Answer 31

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Question 32

What happens in Prophase?

Answer 32

The first stage of Mitosis. Chromosomes coil and become visible. Nuclear membrane disappears.

Question 33

What happens in Metaphase?

Answer 33

Chromosomes will line up along the middle of the cell. The spindle fibers are attached to each chromatid of each chromosome

Question 34

What happens in Anaphase?

Answer 34

Centromere split. Sister chromatids move apart to opposite sides of the spindle.

Question 35

What happens in Telophase?

Answer 35

Chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell. Nuclear membrane reforms and a chromosomes become less visible.

Question 36

What is Cytokinesis?

Answer 36

The cell divides, halving the contents of the cytoplasm, including the organelles. The two cells that result from this division are commonly called daughter cells. The original cell, of course, no longer exists. It has reached the end of its cycle

Question 37

What are the 3 checkpoints?

Answer 37

G1, G2, Mitosis Metaphase

Question 38

What happens in checkpoint (G1)?

Answer 38

Is the cell growing well enough? Is the Dna damaged? Does it have the resources it needs?

Question 39

What happens in checkpoint (G2)

Answer 39

Is the Dna replicated correctly Is it growing enough Does it have the resources it needs?

Question 40

What happens in checkpoint (Metaphase)?

Answer 40

Are the chromosomes lined up in the middle correctly? Attached to the spindle correctly