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Science Biology > Unit 1 Cell and DNA > Flashcards

Unit 1 Cell and DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 statements of cell theory:

A
  1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
  3. New cells come from existing cells
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2
Q

What is Cytoplasm?

A

Holds everything inside the cell

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3
Q

What are Vacuoles?

A

Water/keeps the cell in shape

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4
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Has ribosomes, storage, and helps make protein

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5
Q

What is the Cell Membrane?

A

Side walls and protect the cell

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6
Q

What is the Mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell

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7
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

Sight of protein

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8
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

Controls everything and holds the DNA

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9
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Packages protein

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10
Q

What is a Vesicle?

A

Transports materials around the cell

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11
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

Carries oxygen in the red blood cells.

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12
Q

What is Insulin?

A

Regulates the level of glucose in the blood.

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13
Q

What is Keratin?

A

Makes up hair and nails.

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14
Q

What is Collagen?

A

Holds tissues together, and makes up bones.

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15
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Controls chemical reactions

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16
Q

What are Antibodies?

A

Binds pathogens to protect the body.

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17
Q

What is Fibrinogen?

A

Helps to clot blood

18
Q

What is Lactase?

A

Enzyme-digesting lactose which is found in milk.

19
Q

What elments is DNA made of?

A

Is made of many elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen)

20
Q

What is Nucleotide made out of?

A

It is made of Sugar (deoxyribose), Phosphate, One of four nitrogen bases.

21
Q

What are the four bases of Nitrogen?

A

A(adenine) & T(thymine)/U(Uracil)
C(cytosine) & G(guanine)

22
Q

What are the 3 different forms of DNA?

A

Chromatin - Untagled form
Chromosome - Condensed form
Sister Chromatid - Replicated form

23
Q

What are the 3 steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. Unwinding of the double helix to expose the base. The enzyme helicase helps to unwind
    the helix.
  2. Complementary base pairing
    The daughter strands are the same.
    The daughter strand has one parent strand and a new daughter strand
  3. Joining of the newly created daughter strand
24
Q

3 points on RNA

A
  1. Ribonucleic acid
  2. Monomer RNA is also a nucleotide
  3. Single-stranded
25
Q

What are 3 types of RNA?

A

mRNA - messenger, rRNA - ribosomal, tRNA - transfer

26
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process by which the information of the DNA is transferred into RNA

27
Q

What is translation?

A

This is the process in which the genetic code on the mRNA is read in groups of 3 (codon, triplet code) by the t RNA, and the appropriate amino acid is brought to the ribosomes to make protein. (tRNA has the anticodon for mRNA)

28
Q

4 steps of protein synthesis?

A
  1. The cell receives a signal to make a protein
  2. The process of transcription & translation is carried out
  3. The protein is transported to the Golgi apparatus through the ER

4.Protein is packaged and either used in the cell or exported

29
Q

What are the main parts to the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

30
Q

What are the 3 steps of Interphase and what do they do?

A

G1 Phase
Cell increases in size and makes the proteins and molecules
necessary for the cell to function.

S Phase
DNA replication takes place. DNA makes a copy of itself.

G2 Phase
In the G phase, the cell continues to grow and is actively making materials such as proteins for the new cells that will be formed after cytokinesis. In this stage, organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts will be duplicated

31
Q

What are the phases of Mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

32
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A

The first stage of Mitosis.

Chromosomes coil and become visible.

Nuclear membrane disappears.

33
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes will line up along the middle of the cell.

The spindle fibers are attached to each chromatid of each chromosome

34
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

Centromere split.

Sister chromatids move apart to opposite sides of the spindle.

35
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

Chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell.

Nuclear membrane reforms and a chromosomes become less visible.

36
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

The cell divides, halving the contents of the cytoplasm, including the organelles.

The two cells that result from this division are commonly called daughter cells.

The original cell, of course, no longer exists. It has reached the end of its cycle

37
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints?

A

G1, G2, Mitosis Metaphase

38
Q

What happens in checkpoint (G1)?

A

Is the cell growing well enough?

Is the Dna damaged?

Does it have the resources it needs?

39
Q

What happens in checkpoint (G2)

A

Is the Dna replicated correctly

Is it growing enough
Does it have the resources it needs?

40
Q

What happens in checkpoint (Metaphase)?

A

Are the chromosomes lined up in the middle correctly?

Attached to the spindle correctly

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