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Climate Change > Unit 1 - CC and Development Challenges > Flashcards

Unit 1 - CC and Development Challenges Flashcards

0
Q

Most important variables that make up climate change are…?

7x

A
  • temperature
  • precipitation (rain, snow, hail)
  • wind direction & speed
  • atmospheric pressure
  • humidity
  • nature and extent of clouds
  • hours & intensity of sunlight
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1
Q

the 3 dimentions of sustainability / sustainable development

A
  1. Environmental
  2. Economic
  3. Social
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2
Q

The MDG’s

A
  1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
  2. Achieve universal primary education
  3. Promote gender equality and empower women
  4. reduce child mortality
  5. improve maternal health
  6. Cambat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
  7. Ensure environmental sustainability
  8. Develop a global partnership for development
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3
Q

Why / how do CC and development interact?

A
  1. CC impacts most heavily on poor and vulnerable people - likely to set back development gains made in the past
  2. CC poses a threat to sustainable development
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4
Q

Major streams of development theory and practice in the 20th century

A
  1. Modernisation (industrialisation)
  2. Dependency (unequal power relations)
  3. Neo-liberalism (free markes, weaknesses of Governments)
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5
Q

“other” approaches to development

other then modernisation, dependency and neo-liberalism

A
  1. basic needs approach
  2. environment / NRM approaches
  3. gender approaches
  4. the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
  5. participatory/empowerment approaches
  6. micro finance initiatives
  7. pro-poor growth and poverty reduction
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6
Q

Kyoto Protocol establishment

A 
COP3 (coference of parties) 1997
established developed country emission targets for 2008-2012 with 3 main mechanisms:
- Emissions trading scheme (ETS)
- CDM
- JI (between Annex 1 countries)
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7
Q

UNFCCC key points + principles

A

United Nations Framework Convention on CC (1991)
Signed by 166 nations at the Earth Summit in Rio (1992)
Came into force in 1994

1) stabilising the climate
2) countries to monitor and limit their GHG emissions
3) concerns for developing countries
4) the importance of precautionary measures to respond to CC

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8
Q

Renewable resources provide a set of ecosystems services

A
  1. support
  2. provisioning / production
  3. regulation (of natural systems)
  4. Culture
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9
Q

GHG are wastes produced in the process of:

A
  • extracting non-renewable resources
  • extracting renewable resources
  • food production
  • intermediate production and consumption
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10
Q

What are tipping points?

A

cc lead to a qualitative or structural change in the climate system which prevents movement back to the previous equilibrium. Also: non-reversible changes in parts of the global climate system.

Example: temp increases reach a point where positive feedbacks may reinforce eachother leading to sustained natural processes that reduce albedo and increase the atmospheric concentrations of GHG and hance global temperatures.

For development these are: poverty traps

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11
Q

the reasons why CC problem is a pernicious environmental problem (6x)

(harmfull)

A
  1. Scale
    Costs of reducing GHG emissions are large, but costs of CC impacts even larger
  2. Spatial issues leading to externalities
    - diffuse and dispersed
    - costs also dispersed
    - cost is disconnected from the responsibility
  3. Temporal issues
    - tipping points
    - difference between thinking and experiencing + difference in who (generation) experiences it.
  4. Distributional tension
  5. Complexity
  6. Uncertainties
    - complexities, limited understanding, change in human activity, differences between countries.

separation of climate change responsibilities and vulnerabilities across different countries (with implications for different sustainable development pathways) and across different sectors

‘lock in’ and pathway dependency

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12
Q

What is complexity science

A

a range of ways of looking at the dynamic unpredictable behaviour of connected systems, networks and problems, whether these are purely physical or stretch accross social and natural systems.

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13
Q

What are “wicked problems”

A

have a particular set of characteristics that make them difficult to address, but are common and important in modern societies.

They are not bad in moral sense, but pose intractable difficulties to conventional scientific problem solving approaches.

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14
Q

3 strategies to address wicked, complex problems

A
  1. authoritative strategies
  2. competitive strategies
  3. collaborative strategies.
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15
Q

Post-normal science

A

Funtowicz & Ravetz (1992) appraoch for wicked problems which they associate with:

  • conflicting interests around high decision stakes
  • high uncertainty in systems and processes

EXTENDED PEER COMMUNITY (EPC)

brings together different stakeholders with various perspectives on the issue into the dialogue assessing science inputs into decision making

more efficient decision making from enhanced diversity and mutual understanding and trust in the EPC

16
Q

MITIGATION

A

Actions reducing the emissions of GHG
Reduce future cc by slowing the rate of increase in (or reducing) GHG concentrations in the athmosphere (reducing causes of CC)

17
Q

ADAPTATION

A

Reducing the effects of climate change - helping to respond to the changes brought about by CC.

adjustments that reduce (or aim to reduce) the negative human impacts of CC.

types: anticipatory and reactive, private and public, autonomous and planned

18
Q

Vulnerability

A

the extent to which individuals or societies are at risk of suffering damage from particular events or threats.

It depends on the probability of an event actually happening, the nature and severity of the event and impact on individuals/or societies or the sensitivity of those to the event.

19
Q

the main difficulties that impede design and implementation of CC Mitigation policies:

A
  1. Externalities (no connection between somebody’s GHG emissions and the impact of those
    - spatial seperation (produce = richer countries, impacts = poorer)
    - temporal seperation (produce now, impact later)
  2. uncertainty about nature and extent of impact (declining)
20
Q

What are the primary drivers of CC?

A

GHG emissions

increasing GHG concentrations in the athmosphere

21
Q

according to the IPCC these major sectors/resources are most effected by CC (5x)

A
  1. Water
  2. EcoSystems (20-30% of plant and animal species are at risk of extinction if temp >1.5-2.5 degrees C
  3. Food production
  4. Health
  5. Infrastructure & human settlements
22
Q

Climate can be described as:

A
  • average of conditions
  • frequency of events
  • extreme events
  • extent and nature of variability
23
Q

UNFCCC

A

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

24
Q

resource extraction and consumption leads to two problems

A
  1. when the amount of waste is bigger than the ecosystem can handle
  2. if the demand is bigger than the supply (overfishing)

the ecosystem can be damaged and change

25
Q

What is Climate Change?

A

change in the longer term pattern of behaviour of
the atmosphere
- over millennia
- as a result of natural processes or human activity

26
Q

The difficulties when designing and implementing CC policy

A
  • externalities
  • spatial seperation
  • temporal separation
  • uncertainty about nature and extent of CC impacts
27
Q

the 9 key caracteristics of a wicked problem:

A
  1. difficult to define clearly
  2. no definite formulation
  3. no test of a solution
  4. solution not true/false or correct/incorrect
  5. unique solutions
  6. complex solutions (economically and organisationally)
  7. solutions involve behavior change
  8. chronic policy failure
  9. no definite solution / resolution

Climate Change (8 decks)

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