Unit 1- Cardiovascular Systems Flashcards
1
Q
What is the “pumping” organ?
A
heart
2
Q
how many layers in the wall of the heart?
A
3
3
Q
the heart is lined by what kind of tissue?
A
endothelial
4
Q
What is the basic pattern of blood flow in the heart?
A
right side of heart
lungs
left side of heart
systemic cells
5
Q
What is the function of the left and right ventricles?
A
propel blood to the pulmonary and circulatory system
6
Q
What is the function of the right and left atria?
A
receive blood from the body and pulmonary veins
7
Q
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
A
endocardium (internal)
myocardium (middle)
epicardium (external)
8
Q
what regulates direction of flow in the heart? what are they made of?
A
valves- connective tissue
9
Q
What is the name of the 2 valves?
A
the mitral and tricuspid valve
10
Q
What are the muscles that support the valves?
A
papillary muscles (strength valves)
11
Q
What are the 2 nodes in the electrical system of conducting a heart impulse?
A
Sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes
12
Q
Where is the SA node located?
A
right atrium wall
13
Q
Where is the AV node located?
A
floor of the right atrium
14
Q
After the impulse passes through the nodes, where does it go?
A
to cardiac muscles in the interventricular septum, then branch into left and right purkinje fibers
15
Q
What 3 things make up endocardium?
A
lining epithelium
elastic connective tissue
smooth muscle
16
Q
myocardium is what type of muscle?
A
cardiac (no shit)
17
Q
what is the composition of epicardium?
A
connective tissue like
external layer called mesothelium (simple squamous cells)
18
Q
what is the cavity called that the heart sits in
?
A
pericardial cavity (or pericardial sac)
19
Q
What are the layers outside the epicardium?
A
pericardial cavity
serous layer
fibrous layer
parietal pericardium
20
Q
What is another name for epicardium?
A
visceral pericardium
21
Q
What is the thickest layer of the heart wall?
A
myocardium
22
Q
does epicardium have basal lamina?
A
yes (in the epithelium layers)
23
Q
What layer has blood vessels and nerves?
A
epicardium
24
Q
What is myocardium made of?
A
cardiac muscle
cardiomyoctes
25
the simple squamous epithelium of the endocardium is continuous with what?
the epithelium in the great vessels
26
What 3 things make up the endocardium?
collagen
elastin
thin layer of smooth muscle
27
Are purkinje fibers long and thin?
no- they are modified cardiomyocytes
28
where are purkinje fibers?
between the endocardium and myocardium in the ventricles
29
What is the function of purkinje fibers?
transmit action potentials that are generated by the cardiac "pacemaker" cells of the sinoatrial node
30
do purkinje fibers have the same amount of actin and myosin as other types of muscles?
no, they have more gap junctions (allows contraction with neighbour better)
31
what are 2 characteristics of purkinje myocytes?
large
lots of glycogen
32
Are purkinje fibers found in the atria?
no, only in the ventricles
33
what are the different types of arteries?
elastic
muscular
arterioles
microvasculature
34
What are the different types of capillaries?
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal
35
What is the most common type of capillary?
continuous
36
What are the 3 layers of a vascular wall?
TI-tunica intima (innermost)
TM-tunica media (middle)
TA-tunica adventitis (outermost)
37
What is tunica intima made of?
endothelium
collagen
38
what is tunica media made of?
smooth muscle
collagen
(maybe elastin also)
39
what is tunica adventitis made of?
collagen
connective tissue
elastic fibers
may have smooth muscle
vasa vasorum & nervi vasorum (in big vessels)
40
What are some differences between artery and vein (important)
-in large veins, vasovasorum is found in all 3 layers (cuz deoxygenated blood isnt as efficient)- large arteries only in adventitia
-tunica media is thicker in arteries
-venous walls are thinner
-ONLY arteries have internal (IEL) & external elastic lamina (EEL)
41
What are some similarities between artery and vein (important)
-both part of blood vasculature
-have 3 tunica layers
-both have endothelium cell lining
-both have vasa vasorum (vessel of the vessels)
42
why have vasa vasorum (blood supply to blood vessels)
ONLY in large artery & vein, walls are thick
-not in small arteries & veins- blood can diffuse through walls
43
what layer of tunica can we find vasa vasorum?
the tunica adventitia
44
What are the 2 fucntions of the arteries?
-transport blood from heart to capillaries
-can regulate blood flow by changing the diameter of the distributing vessels
45
What does noradrenaline do?
narrowing of blood vessels
-increases heart rate
46
what does elastin look like in elastic arteries
concentric sheet
47
What are some examples of elastic arteries?
aorta, renal, brachiocephalic, common iliac, pulmonary artery
48
what is a muscular artery?
an artery that can control blood flow by contracting or relaxing
-contractions are done by the smooth muscles within
49
After blood passes through the muscular artery, where does it go?
into organs
50
muscular artery control is under what type of innervation? what hormones
sympathetic
adrenal medulla hormones
51
what can contribute significantly to changes in blood pressure?
arterioles
52
does arterioles have IEL or EEL?
no
53
what is present at the origin of each capillary?
precapillary sphincter
54
____ drains blood into the post capillary venule. Does this by pass the capillary bed?
thoroughfare channel
yes
55
what bodily functions involved arterioles that bypass capillary beds?
thermoregulation
56
high capillary blood flow in the skin allows for ?
more heat dissipation from the body
57
reduced capillary blood flow allows for?
conservation of heat
58
blood flow sequence when sphincter are open?
arteriole -metaarteriole -capillary bed -post capillary venule
59
blood flow sequence when sphincter are closed?
arteriole -metaarteriole -thoroughfare channel -post capillary venule
60
how many times per minute does the capillary sphincter close/open?
5-10 times
61
blood passes through capillaries in a ______ manner?
pulsatile
62
The sphincters be in what position for maximally efficient exchange of nutrients, waste, O2, CO2 across the endothelium
most sphincters are atleast partially closed
63
what type of cell is present as a incomplete coat on the outside of continuous capillaries
pericytes
64
What can pericytes differentiate into?
smooth muscle or fibroblasts during wound healing and angiogenesis
65
pericytes are not found in what type of capillaries?
fenestrated or sinusoidal
66
is a pericyte contractile?
yes (they grab onto outside of capillary)- interlock fingerlike projections
67
what is the function of pericyte?
provide robustness
formation of BBB so capillaries don't rupture
-can give rise to smooth muscles or fibroblasts (resulting in new connective tissue with wound healing)
68
all molecules exchanged across the endothelium of a continuous capillary must cross by? (2)
transcytosis or diffusion
69
What does fenestrated mean?
tiny gaps
holes
spaces
perforation
70
where is fenestrated capillary found?
in gut
in renal glomerulus (kidneys)
intestinal walls
choroid plexus
endocrine organs
71
where is continuous capillaries found?
anywhere that fenestrated and sinusoidal are not
72
what is the funciton of fenestration?
allow small protein to pass through
73
where are sinusoidal capillaries found?
liver
spleen
boen marrow
74
sinusoidal capillaries have large or smaller diameter capillaries?
larger
75
can a RBC flow through sinusoidal capillary
yes
76
large gaps in the walls of sinusoidal capillaries allows transport what?
whole cells from the blood to the tissue
77
What is the function of veins (5)
-drain blood from organs and tissue back to heart
-fluid and nutrient exchange
-transfer of leukocytes
-reservoir for blood
-involved in inflammatory responses
78
what is the structure of veins?
-common basic structure-IMA
-TA is always the thickest
-IEL absent
-Over all walls of veins are thin compared to arteries
-Irregular lumen (compared to round lumen in arteries)
-May have valves to prevent retrograde flow
79
blood entering veins is at what pressure?
low pressure
80
how does blood gets pushed through veins?
contraction of smooth muscle in the media and external compressions
81
does a medium and large vein have vavles?
yes
82
what is a medium sized vein
external jugular vein
83
which layer of tunica makes the valves?
tunica intima
84
is there valves in small veins?
no
85
what are varicose veins
inward extensions of tunica intima
blood pools where valves are
86
do varicose veins occur in pairs?
yes
87
is there symptoms?
could be pain
some are asymptomatic
can become infected
88
what may help varicose veins
regular massage visit
89
aer varicose veins reversible?
no
90
what does the lymph vascular system contain?
contains proteins, lipid, electrolytes, and cells
91
what is a function of lymph vascular system?
supply antibodies from lymph nodes into the vein
92
do lymph capillaries have valves?
yes
93
does lymph capillary have pericyte?
no
94
does a medium sized lymph vessel have tunica?
no
95
what is edema?
obstruction of lymph vessels- accumulaiton of interstitial fluid
96
what causes edema?
usually due to inflammation or parasitic infection
97
what is an example of edema?
lymphatic filariasis (aka elephantiasis)
98
the myocardium is thicker in what chambers of the heart?
in the ventricles- they push blood- need more muscles
