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Histology 2 > Unit 1- Cardiovascular Systems > Flashcards

Unit 1- Cardiovascular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “pumping” organ?

A

heart

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2
Q

how many layers in the wall of the heart?

A

3

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3
Q

the heart is lined by what kind of tissue?

A

endothelial

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4
Q

What is the basic pattern of blood flow in the heart?

A

right side of heart
lungs
left side of heart
systemic cells

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5
Q

What is the function of the left and right ventricles?

A

propel blood to the pulmonary and circulatory system

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6
Q

What is the function of the right and left atria?

A

receive blood from the body and pulmonary veins

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

endocardium (internal)
myocardium (middle)
epicardium (external)

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8
Q

what regulates direction of flow in the heart? what are they made of?

A

valves- connective tissue

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9
Q

What is the name of the 2 valves?

A

the mitral and tricuspid valve

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10
Q

What are the muscles that support the valves?

A

papillary muscles (strength valves)

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11
Q

What are the 2 nodes in the electrical system of conducting a heart impulse?

A

Sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes

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12
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

right atrium wall

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13
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

floor of the right atrium

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14
Q

After the impulse passes through the nodes, where does it go?

A

to cardiac muscles in the interventricular septum, then branch into left and right purkinje fibers

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15
Q

What 3 things make up endocardium?

A

lining epithelium
elastic connective tissue
smooth muscle

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16
Q

myocardium is what type of muscle?

A

cardiac (no shit)

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17
Q

what is the composition of epicardium?

A

connective tissue like
external layer called mesothelium (simple squamous cells)

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18
Q

what is the cavity called that the heart sits in
?

A

pericardial cavity (or pericardial sac)

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19
Q

What are the layers outside the epicardium?

A

pericardial cavity
serous layer
fibrous layer
parietal pericardium

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20
Q

What is another name for epicardium?

A

visceral pericardium

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21
Q

What is the thickest layer of the heart wall?

A

myocardium

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22
Q

does epicardium have basal lamina?

A

yes (in the epithelium layers)

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23
Q

What layer has blood vessels and nerves?

A

epicardium

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24
Q

What is myocardium made of?

A

cardiac muscle
cardiomyoctes

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25
Q

the simple squamous epithelium of the endocardium is continuous with what?

A

the epithelium in the great vessels

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26
Q

What 3 things make up the endocardium?

A

collagen
elastin
thin layer of smooth muscle

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27
Q

Are purkinje fibers long and thin?

A

no- they are modified cardiomyocytes

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28
Q

where are purkinje fibers?

A

between the endocardium and myocardium in the ventricles

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29
Q

What is the function of purkinje fibers?

A

transmit action potentials that are generated by the cardiac “pacemaker” cells of the sinoatrial node

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30
Q

do purkinje fibers have the same amount of actin and myosin as other types of muscles?

A

no, they have more gap junctions (allows contraction with neighbour better)

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31
Q

what are 2 characteristics of purkinje myocytes?

A

large
lots of glycogen

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32
Q

Are purkinje fibers found in the atria?

A

no, only in the ventricles

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33
Q

what are the different types of arteries?

A

elastic
muscular
arterioles
microvasculature

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34
Q

What are the different types of capillaries?

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal

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35
Q

What is the most common type of capillary?

A

continuous

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36
Q

What are the 3 layers of a vascular wall?

A

TI-tunica intima (innermost)
TM-tunica media (middle)
TA-tunica adventitis (outermost)

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37
Q

What is tunica intima made of?

A

endothelium
collagen

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38
Q

what is tunica media made of?

A

smooth muscle
collagen
(maybe elastin also)

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39
Q

what is tunica adventitis made of?

A

collagen
connective tissue
elastic fibers
may have smooth muscle
vasa vasorum & nervi vasorum (in big vessels)

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40
Q

What are some differences between artery and vein (important)

A

-in large veins, vasovasorum is found in all 3 layers (cuz deoxygenated blood isnt as efficient)- large arteries only in adventitia
-tunica media is thicker in arteries
-venous walls are thinner
-ONLY arteries have internal (IEL) & external elastic lamina (EEL)

41
Q

What are some similarities between artery and vein (important)

A

-both part of blood vasculature
-have 3 tunica layers
-both have endothelium cell lining
-both have vasa vasorum (vessel of the vessels)

42
Q

why have vasa vasorum (blood supply to blood vessels)

A

ONLY in large artery & vein, walls are thick

-not in small arteries & veins- blood can diffuse through walls

43
Q

what layer of tunica can we find vasa vasorum?

A

the tunica adventitia

44
Q

What are the 2 fucntions of the arteries?

A

-transport blood from heart to capillaries
-can regulate blood flow by changing the diameter of the distributing vessels

45
Q

What does noradrenaline do?

A

narrowing of blood vessels
-increases heart rate

46
Q

what does elastin look like in elastic arteries

A

concentric sheet

47
Q

What are some examples of elastic arteries?

A

aorta, renal, brachiocephalic, common iliac, pulmonary artery

48
Q

what is a muscular artery?

A

an artery that can control blood flow by contracting or relaxing

-contractions are done by the smooth muscles within

49
Q

After blood passes through the muscular artery, where does it go?

A

into organs

50
Q

muscular artery control is under what type of innervation? what hormones

A

sympathetic

adrenal medulla hormones

51
Q

what can contribute significantly to changes in blood pressure?

A

arterioles

52
Q

does arterioles have IEL or EEL?

A

no

53
Q

what is present at the origin of each capillary?

A

precapillary sphincter

54
Q

____ drains blood into the post capillary venule. Does this by pass the capillary bed?

A

thoroughfare channel

yes

55
Q

what bodily functions involved arterioles that bypass capillary beds?

A

thermoregulation

56
Q

high capillary blood flow in the skin allows for ?

A

more heat dissipation from the body

57
Q

reduced capillary blood flow allows for?

A

conservation of heat

58
Q

blood flow sequence when sphincter are open?

A

arteriole -metaarteriole -capillary bed -post capillary venule

59
Q

blood flow sequence when sphincter are closed?

A

arteriole -metaarteriole -thoroughfare channel -post capillary venule

60
Q

how many times per minute does the capillary sphincter close/open?

A

5-10 times

61
Q

blood passes through capillaries in a ______ manner?

A

pulsatile

62
Q

The sphincters be in what position for maximally efficient exchange of nutrients, waste, O2, CO2 across the endothelium

A

most sphincters are atleast partially closed

63
Q

what type of cell is present as a incomplete coat on the outside of continuous capillaries

A

pericytes

64
Q

What can pericytes differentiate into?

A

smooth muscle or fibroblasts during wound healing and angiogenesis

65
Q

pericytes are not found in what type of capillaries?

A

fenestrated or sinusoidal

66
Q

is a pericyte contractile?

A

yes (they grab onto outside of capillary)- interlock fingerlike projections

67
Q

what is the function of pericyte?

A

provide robustness
formation of BBB so capillaries don’t rupture
-can give rise to smooth muscles or fibroblasts (resulting in new connective tissue with wound healing)

68
Q

all molecules exchanged across the endothelium of a continuous capillary must cross by? (2)

A

transcytosis or diffusion

69
Q

What does fenestrated mean?

A

tiny gaps
holes
spaces
perforation

70
Q

where is fenestrated capillary found?

A

in gut
in renal glomerulus (kidneys)
intestinal walls
choroid plexus
endocrine organs

71
Q

where is continuous capillaries found?

A

anywhere that fenestrated and sinusoidal are not

72
Q

what is the funciton of fenestration?

A

allow small protein to pass through

73
Q

where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

liver
spleen
boen marrow

74
Q

sinusoidal capillaries have large or smaller diameter capillaries?

A

larger

75
Q

can a RBC flow through sinusoidal capillary

A

yes

76
Q

large gaps in the walls of sinusoidal capillaries allows transport what?

A

whole cells from the blood to the tissue

77
Q

What is the function of veins (5)

A

-drain blood from organs and tissue back to heart
-fluid and nutrient exchange
-transfer of leukocytes
-reservoir for blood
-involved in inflammatory responses

78
Q

what is the structure of veins?

A

-common basic structure-IMA
-TA is always the thickest
-IEL absent
-Over all walls of veins are thin compared to arteries
-Irregular lumen (compared to round lumen in arteries)
-May have valves to prevent retrograde flow

79
Q

blood entering veins is at what pressure?

A

low pressure

80
Q

how does blood gets pushed through veins?

A

contraction of smooth muscle in the media and external compressions

81
Q

does a medium and large vein have vavles?

A

yes

82
Q

what is a medium sized vein

A

external jugular vein

83
Q

which layer of tunica makes the valves?

A

tunica intima

84
Q

is there valves in small veins?

A

no

85
Q

what are varicose veins

A

inward extensions of tunica intima
blood pools where valves are

86
Q

do varicose veins occur in pairs?

A

yes

87
Q

is there symptoms?

A

could be pain
some are asymptomatic
can become infected

88
Q

what may help varicose veins

A

regular massage visit

89
Q

aer varicose veins reversible?

A

no

90
Q

what does the lymph vascular system contain?

A

contains proteins, lipid, electrolytes, and cells

91
Q

what is a function of lymph vascular system?

A

supply antibodies from lymph nodes into the vein

92
Q

do lymph capillaries have valves?

A

yes

93
Q

does lymph capillary have pericyte?

A

no

94
Q

does a medium sized lymph vessel have tunica?

A

no

95
Q

what is edema?

A

obstruction of lymph vessels- accumulaiton of interstitial fluid

96
Q

what causes edema?

A

usually due to inflammation or parasitic infection

97
Q

what is an example of edema?

A

lymphatic filariasis (aka elephantiasis)

98
Q

the myocardium is thicker in what chambers of the heart?

A

in the ventricles- they push blood- need more muscles

Histology 2 (1 decks)

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