Unit 1 Biology Study Guide Flashcards
What 3 molecules make up water?
2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
What are the 5 properties of water?
1) Polar molecule
2) Cohesion and adhesion
3) High specific heat
4) Density – greatest at 4*C
5) Universal solvent of life
What is cohesion?
Surface tension, a measure of the force necessary to stretch or break the surface of a liquid, is related to cohesion.
What is adhesion?
Capillary action-water molecules will “tow” each other along when in a thin glass tube.
Example: transpiration process which plants and trees remove water from the soil, and paper towels soak up water.
Water boils at…
Human body temperature…
Room temperature…
Water freezes at…
100*C- Water boils
37*C - Human body temperature
23*C- Room temperature
0*C- Water freezes
Is water less dense as a solid or liquid?
Solid
What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a steady state despite changing conditions.
Why is water important to the homeostasis process because…
Water is important to this process because:
a. Makes a good insulator
b. Resists temperature change
c. Universal solvent
d. Coolant
e. Ice protects against temperature extremes (insulates frozen)
What is a solute?
A solute is the substance that is being dissolved.
What is a solvent?
A solvent is the into which the solute dissolves.
What is the pH scale?
It indicates the concentration of H+ ions, ranges from 0 to 14, a pH of seven is neutral, pH of 0 up to 7 is acid, and pH of 7 to 14 is basic.
What are strong acids?
Strong acids have a pH of 1 to 3, and profuse lots of H+ ions.
What are strong bases?
Strong bases have a pH of 11 to 14, and produce lots of OH-ions and fewer H+ ions.
What pH does your body have?
Your blood maintains a pH of 7.35 – 7.45 (slightly basic)
What is the energy of activation?
The energy used to break the bonds in the reactants so they can be reformed in the products is called the energy of activation.
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the reaction rate of biochemical reactions.
What are the characteristics of enzymes?
1) Made of proteins (or RNA) 2) They are very specific and only work with a certain set of reactants or substrates that fit on their active site.
Can enzymes be re-used?
Yes!
What is induced fit?
When an enzyme binds with the substrate, the bonded substrate interacts with the enzyme causing it to change shape. This change in shape facilitates the chemical reaction to occur.
What do non-competitive inhibitors do?
Noncompetitve inhibitors block enzyme function too, but attach a different point than the active site.
What to competitive inhibitors do?
Competitive Inhibitors block enzyme activity by mimicking the substrate.
What is Hydrolysis Rxn?
Hydrolysis Rxn breaks apart a compound by adding a water molecule.
What is Dehydration Synthesis Rxn?
Dehydration Synthesis Rxn-links two compouunds by creating and releasing a water molecule.
What is Endergonic Rxn?
Endergonic Rxn is a reaction that requires energy.
What is Redox Rxn?
Redox Rxn is a reaction that involves transferring electrons.
All enzymes are proteins, but…
not all proteins are enzymes.
How do enzymes increase the rate of reaction?
Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of reaction.
What do all enzymes end in?
All enzymes end in -ase.
Enzyme+substrate=
Enzyme substrate.
What is a monomer?
A monomer makes up a polymer.
What is a polymer
A polymer is made up of polymers.
What are endothermic reactions?
Endothermic reactions are chemical reactions that absorb heat energy from the surrounding.
What are exothermic reactions?
Exothermic reactions are chemical reactions that release heat energy to the surrounding.
What are cells?
Cells are the basic units of living organisms.
What does the cell theory state?
The cell theory states that:
●All living things are made of one or more cells.
●Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
●All cells come from other cells.
What are eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells are cells that have membrane-bound organelles.
What are prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are cells Cells that do not have membrane-bound organelles.
What types of cells are eukaryotic?
Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic.
What types of cells are prokaryotic?
Some plant cells are eukaryotic because they have things that animal cells don’t.
What is the nucleus?
Both
Nucleus- Largest organelle in the cell and it is the most inner compartment of the cell contains chromatin (DNA); genetic information on strands called chromosomes “control center” for cell metabolism and reproduction
What is chromatin?
Both
Chromatin- Directions on how to make proteins
What is the nucleolus?
Both
Nucleolus- Found inside nucleus; ribosomes are made here
What are ribosomes?
Both
Ribosomes- make proteins (made up of RNA and protein); thought of as “factories”
What is cytoplasm?
Both
Cytoplasm- clear gel like fluid inside the cell, which suspends all organelles
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Both
Endoplasmic Reticulum- extensive network of membranes
Rough ER: with ribosomes
Smooth ER: with no visible ribosomes
What is the golgi apparatus?
Both
Golgi Apparatus- sorts proteins made by the ribosomes and sends them to needed places in the cell
What are lysosomes?
Both
Lysosomes- organelles that are filled with digestive enzymes to remove waste and invading bacteria
What is the mitochondria?
Both
Mitochondria- often referred to as the “powerhouse” of the cell, releases energy for the cell, and It converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP for the cell
What are vacuoles?
Both
Vacuoles- fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane that stores materials such as food, sugar, water, and waste products
What is a cell wall?
Only plant cells
Cell wall- rigid wall outside the plasma membrane. It provides the cell with extra support.
What are chloroplasts?
Only plant cells
Chloroplasts- captures light and energy; and converts it into chemical energy.
What is chlorophyll?
Only plant cells
Chlorophyll- green pigment found inside the chloroplast.
What are plastids?
Only plant cells
Plastids- organelles that store things such as food in the plant cell.
What is another name for “living”?
Biotic
What is another name for “non-living”?
Abiotic
How does carbon dioxide increase the greenhouse affect?
Carbon dioxide increases the temperature of the planet.
What do producers, consumers, and decomposers do?
Through the processes of living and dying, producers, consumers and decomposers help cycle carbon through the biotic and abiotic components of the environment.
What is detritus?
Detritus is the waste and remains of once living organisms.
What are fossil fuels?
Fossil fuels come from the dead remains of ancient plants and animals.
What does photosynthesis do?
Photosynthesis is a chemical process performed by plants. In this process they take carbon dioxide from the air, water from the soil, and use energy from sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. A green pigment called chlorophyll helps capture the sunlight needed for the reaction.
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O + CHLOROPHYLL = C6H12O6 + O2
OR
Carbon Dioxide + water + sunlight = glucose + oxygen
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is a chemical process performed by plants and animals. In this process they use glucose and oxygen to produce energy. Besides energy, carbon dioxide and water are produced as by-products.
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H20 + ENERGY
OR
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
What is detritus? And what two paths can it take?
During any organism’s lifetime, it produces waste matter which becomes detritus. Likewise, when an organism dies, its remains begin to decompose and it becomes detritus as well.
The two paths detritus can take are:
1) Decomposers can completely decompose the detritus into nutrients which can be assimilated by plants.
Or
2) The detritus does not completely decompose, but instead undergoes another process that produces fossil fuels.
What happens in fossilization?
Fossilization involves ancient plants which have been buried for hundreds of millions of years to produce fossil fuels.
What happens in combustion?
Combustion involves the burning of a fuel source that contains hydrocarbons.
What is deforestation?
Deforestation involves the cutting down of forests. This results in an indirect increase in carbon dioxide because there are less trees to preform photosynthesis which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
What are Tasects?
Nerve cells that don’t have lysosomes
What does lise mean?
When cells die or explode
What are the four aspects of the organism triangle?
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
What are the four types of tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve
What are organs?
A combination of different tissues
What are organ systems?
A group of organs that work together to perform major stuff
What do kidneys use?
Filtration
What are some diseases with kidneys?
Kidney stones and kidney failure
What do the kidneys do?
They remove waste from blood
What are inside of the kidneys?
Nephrons
What are the three parts of the nephrons?
Bouman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Loop of henle
What are the parts of the excretory system?
Urinary system
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Integumentary system (skin)
What is the excretory system?
All the tissues and organs that remove waste form the body.
