Unit 1 - Biology and Macromolecules Flashcards

Question

Proteins:

Answer 1

Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON) Function Proteins control the rate of reactions (enzymes) and regulate cell processes. Form important cellular structures Transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

Answer 2

Proteins are classified by number of amino acids in a chain. Dipeptides: 2 amino acids Tripeptides: 3 amino acids Peptides: 2- 50 amino acids Polypeptides: 51 or more amino acids Proteins: more than 50 amino acids, that are Typically 100 to 10,000 amino acids linked together

Answer 3

A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction reactants. The elements or compounds produced by the chemical reaction products. Energy is released or absorbed when chemical bonds are formed or broken - Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously (no external energy needed). - Chemical reactions that absorb energy will NOT occur without an energy source.

Answer 4

Proteins that function as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

Answer 5

All are proteins All speed up reactions Required in small amounts All are substrate specific Enzymes are made to fit a specific substrate like a puzzle piece.

Answer 6

the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

Answer 7

the site on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Answer 8

Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together. Such a site reduces the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur. The substrate and active site have complementary shapes and are often referred to as “lock and key”.

Answer 9

Catalysts are substances that will speed up the rate of a reaction but lower the Activation Energy... Activation Energy is the energy needed to start a reaction Enzymes modify and lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction

Answer 10

Temperature – human cells work best at 37 degrees Celsius , this is the Optimum Temperature or the temperature that the enzyme works at its best. Hot speeds up collisions, cold slows down collisions pH – enzymes work best at certain ionic conditions and pH (acidic or alkaline) Enzymes exposed to extremes will become denatured and will lose it’s shape and can no longer function

Answer 11

Heat above 40*C The active site of the enzyme changes shape and can no longer bind to the substrate. It has been denatured.

Answer 12

Catalase breaks hydrogen peroxide down into water and oxygen Lipase breaks down lipids into Glycerol and fatty acids Amylase breaks down amylose (starch or complex carbohydrates) into maltose (simple sugars) can be used as fuel for a developing embryo Protease breaks down proteins in the stomach into amino acids and works best in acidic conditions pH of 1 or 2 Pepsin breaks down large polypeptides into smaller ones-breaks peptide bonds Lactase – breaks down milk sugars...when people do not make this enzyme they are lactose intolerant

Answer 13

Benedict’s solution is the color blue and will change into an orange/red color when heated in a water bath if simple carbohydrates (e.g. glucose) are present in the food source.

Answer 14

Lugol's reagent (iodine solution)is a yellowish brown colour and will change to dark purple/black in presence of starch.

Answer 15

Biuret solution is the color blue and will change into a purple color if proteins are present in the food source.

Answer 16

Sudan red is fat soluble and it is the color red and will stain lipids a red orange color, spots will appear if they are present in the food source. Brown paper lunch bags are made out of a type of paper that easily absorbs oils and fats called lipids. If lipids are present a stain will remain after the area dries.