Unit 1 - Biology and Macromolecules

Question 1

What are organic compounds?

Answer 1

Compounds that contain CARBON are called
organic.

Question 2

Uniqueness of carbon:

Answer 2

• Can form millions of large, complex structures
• Can easily bond with other chemicals
• Can form chains or rings
• Can form single, double or triple bonds

Question 3

Info on carbon compound:

Answer 3

• Carbon can bond with many elements including oxygen,
  phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen.
• These combinations help to form the molecules of life.

Question 4

Macromolecules:

Answer 4

• Many organic compounds in living cells are so large they are
  called macromolecules.
• Macromolecules form by polymerization large compounds
  are built by joining smaller ones together
• Smaller units are monomers
  - Can be similar or different from each other
• They form larger compounds polymers
  - When polymers break down into monomers they are used
  for energy.

Question 5

What are polymers?

Answer 5

Many monomers,
usually but not always
are organic

Question 6

What are monomers?

Answer 6

A (one) molecule that is
able to bond in long
chains

Question 7

Examples of polymers:

Answer 7

Proteins
Polysaccharides (carbohydrate)
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

Question 8

Examples of monomers:

Answer 8

Amino acids
Monosaccharides
Nucleotides
Glycerol and fatty acids
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 9

What are the four biomolecules?

Answer 9

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids …
DNA and RNA

Question 10

Carbohydrates:

Answer 10

• Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon,
  hydrogen, oxygen (CHO)
• Found in 1:2:1 ratio
• Function:
  Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of
  energy
  Used for structural purposes as in plant cells

Question 11

Carbohydrates continued…

Answer 11

CARBOHYDRATES
- Found in foods like cake, pasta and rice
- Monomer-Monosaccharide
- If it ends with OSE…it is a sugar!
- FructOSE, GlucOSE all sugars.

Question 12

Monosaccharides:

Answer 12

One Sugar Unit:
examples:
- glucose C6H12O6
- deoxyribose
- ribose
- fructose
- galactose

Question 13

Disaccharides:

Answer 13

Two sugar units
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)

Question 14

Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates):

Answer 14

Many sugar units
Examples:
Starch (bread)
Glycogen (beef muscle)
Cellulose ( lettuce)

Question 15

Lipids:

Answer 15

Lipids are made mostly from carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen (CHO)
Examples: fats, oil, waxes, steroids
* Comprised of many fatty acids joined together
(monomer)
* Function
Used to store energy (long term)
Parts of biological membranes and waterproof
coverings
￭ Phospholipid bilayer

Question 16

What are Lipids?

Answer 16

Lipids are macromolecules made of fatty acid monomers.
- Functions of lipids include structural support for the cell, energy storage, and cell signaling.
- Lipids are typically nonpolar in nature and do not interact with water, though some exceptions exist.

Question 17

Types of lipids:

Answer 17

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids and Waxes

Question 18

Lipid Structure:

Answer 18

Fats, Oils, Cholesterol, Waxes
Monomer: Fatty Acid
Polymer: Lipid
Phospholipid:
- Structure (3 parts):
- “Head” = Glycerol &
Phosphate
- “Tails” = 2 Fatty acids
- Function: Make up the cell membrane
Triglyceride:
- Structure (2 parts):
- “Head” = Glycerol
- “Tails” = 3 Fatty acids
- Function: Provide energy for cells, insulation
- Cholesterol: Gives
cell membrane
flexibility

Question 19

Saturated:

Answer 19

• Animal fats
• Dairy products
  Characteristics:
  Tend to remain solid at room temperature
  Health impacts:
• raises total cholesterol
• increases risk of heart disease
• keep intake low

Question 20

Nucleic Acids:

Answer 20

Nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, phosphorus and (CHONP)
* Consist of individual monomers,nucleotides
* Function
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic
information
￭ Ex. DNA, RNA

Question 21

DNA

Answer 21

• Double helix
  Adenine
  Cytosine
  Thymine
  Guanine
  Sugar
  Pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
  Phosphate
  Backbone
  Nitrogenous base

Question 22

What is replication?

Answer 22

DNA - DNA

Question 23

What is transcription?

Answer 23

DNA - RNA

Question 24

What is translation?

Answer 24

RNA - Protein

Question 25

Proteins:

Answer 25

Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino
acids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)
Function
Proteins control the rate of reactions (enzymes) and
regulate cell processes.
Form important cellular structures
Transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight
disease.

Question 26

Structure of proteins:

Answer 26

Proteins are classified by number of amino acids in a chain.
Dipeptides: 2 amino acids
Tripeptides: 3 amino acids
Peptides: 2- 50 amino acids
Polypeptides: 51 or more amino acids
Proteins: more than 50 amino acids, that are
Typically 100 to 10,000 amino acids linked together

Question 27

1 - the substrate, sucrose, consists of glucose fructose bonded together.
2 - the substrate binds to the enzyme, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
3 - the binding of the substrate and enzyme places stress on the glucose-fructose bond and the bond breaks.
4 - products are released, and the enzyme is free to bind other substrates.

Question 28

What is a chemical reaction?

Answer 28

A chemical reaction is a
process that changes one
set of chemicals into
another.
The elements or
compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
reactants.
The elements or
compounds produced by
the chemical reaction
products.

Energy is released or absorbed when chemical
bonds are formed or broken
- Chemical reactions that release energy often occur
spontaneously (no external energy needed).
- Chemical reactions that absorb energy will NOT occur
without an energy source.

Question 29

What is an enzyme?

Answer 29

Proteins that function as biological catalysts by
accelerating chemical reactions.

Question 30

Properties of enzymes:

Answer 30

All are proteins
All speed up reactions
Required in small amounts
All are substrate specific
Enzymes are made to fit a
specific substrate like a
puzzle piece.

Question 31

What is a substrate?

Answer 31

the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

Question 32

What is an active site?

Answer 32

the site on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Question 33

The enzyme-substrate complex:

Answer 33

Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought
together. Such a site reduces the amount of energy needed for
the reaction to occur.
The substrate and active site have
complementary shapes and are often referred
to as “lock and key”.

Question 34

Enzymes as catalysts…

Answer 34

Catalysts are substances that will speed up the rate of a reaction
but lower the Activation Energy…
Activation Energy is the energy needed to start a reaction
Enzymes modify and lower the activation energy needed to start
a reaction

Question 35

Regulation of enzyme activity

Answer 35

Temperature – human cells work best at 37 degrees Celsius , this
is the Optimum Temperature or the temperature that the
enzyme works at its best. Hot speeds up collisions, cold slows
down collisions
pH – enzymes work best at certain ionic conditions and pH
(acidic or alkaline)
Enzymes exposed to extremes will become denatured and will
lose it’s shape and can no longer function

Question 36

How does temperature change an enzyme?

Answer 36

Heat above 40*C
The active site of the enzyme changes shape and can no longer bind to the substrate. It has been denatured.

Question 37

Enzymatic reactions of human interest

Answer 37

Catalase breaks hydrogen peroxide down into water and oxygen
Lipase breaks down lipids into Glycerol and fatty acids
Amylase breaks down amylose (starch or complex carbohydrates)
into maltose (simple sugars) can be used as fuel for a developing
embryo
Protease breaks down proteins in the stomach into amino acids
and works best in acidic conditions pH of 1 or 2
Pepsin breaks down large polypeptides into smaller ones-breaks
peptide bonds
Lactase – breaks down milk sugars…when people do not make this
enzyme they are lactose intolerant

Question 38

Testing for simple carbohydrates

Answer 38

Benedict’s solution is
the color blue and will
change into an
orange/red color
when heated in a
water bath if simple
carbohydrates (e.g.
glucose) are present
in the food source.

Question 39

Testing for complex carbohydrates (starch)

Answer 39

Lugol’s reagent
(iodine solution)is a
yellowish brown
colour and will change
to dark purple/black
in presence of starch.

Question 40

Testing for proteins

Answer 40

Biuret solution is the
color blue and will
change into a purple
color if proteins are
present in the food
source.

Question 41

Testing for lipids

Answer 41

Sudan red is fat soluble and it is the color red and will stain lipids a red orange color, spots will appear if they are present in the food source.
Brown paper lunch bags are made out of a type of paper that easily absorbs oils and fats called lipids. If lipids are present a stain will remain after the area dries.