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BTEC Forensics > Unit 1 - Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Which organelles are found in a plant cell, but not in an animal cell?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplast
  • Tonoplast
  • Amyloplast
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2
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Modifying/sorting/packaging proteins
  • Lipid transport in cells
  • Formation of lysosomes
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3
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissues?

A

Squamous and columnar

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4
Q

Give an example of an epithelial squamous tissue

A

Alveolar epithelium (Gas exchange)

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5
Q

Give an example of epithelial columnar tissue

A

Goblet cells and ciliated cells in the lungs (protecting lungs from pathogens)

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6
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease causing microorganisms

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7
Q

Give an example of endothelial tissue

A

Blood vessels in the cardiovascular system

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8
Q

Name the lifestyle factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis

A
  • Smoking cigarettes
  • Drinking alcohol
  • Lack of exercise
  • Diet with too much fat/cholesterol/carbohydrate/salt
  • Stress
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9
Q

Explain why myelinated axons allow nerve impulses to travel faster than unmyelinated axons

A
  • Myelinated axons have Schwann cells and nodes of Ranvier
  • This means that the action potential impulse jumps from one node to the next
  • This is called saltatory conduction
  • Depolarisation happens only at the nodes meaning a greater speed of nerve impulse
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10
Q

How are ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells different?

A

E - Larger 80s

P - Smaller 70s

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11
Q

What organelles are involved in protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • rER (rough endoplasmic reticulus)
  • Golgi apparatus

Vesicles for secretion

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12
Q

How is magnification calculated?

A

M = I/A

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13
Q

How is image size calculated?

A

I = A x M

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14
Q

How is actual size calculated?

A

A = I/M

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15
Q

How do you convert millimetres into micrometres?

A

x 1000

1mm = 1000 micrometres

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16
Q

What is the function of the slime capsule in prokaryotic cells?

A
  • Stop desiccation

- Protection

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17
Q

Name two types of microscopy, which gives more detail?

A

Light microscopes

Electron microscopes - gives greater detail

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18
Q

Function of the Golgi apparatus

A
  • Modifying proteins

- Packaging proteins into vesicles

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19
Q

Function of plasma (cell) membrane

A

Regulates the transport of materials into and out of the cell

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20
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A small, spherical membrane bound sac which transports materials around the cell or out of the cell

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21
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Responsible for protein synthesis (attached to ER in eukaryotic cells)

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22
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Vesicles that contain hydrochloric enzymes. They break down waste material inside the cell

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23
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

Synthesise carbohydrates and lipids

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24
Q

Structure of smooth ER

A

Network of membrane bound, flattened sacs called cisternae

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25
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Site of metabolic reactions

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26
Q

Structure of rough ER

A

Network of membrane bound, flattened sacs called cisternae studded with ribosomes attached

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27
Q

Function of rough ER

A
  • Synthesises proteins

- Transports protein

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28
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Contains genetic information and controls/regulates metabolic cell activity

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29
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes and RNA

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30
Q

Structure of nucleolus

A

Dense spherical structure inside the nucleus

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31
Q

Function of the centrioles

A

Form spindle fibres that move chromosomes during cell division

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32
Q

Function of the mitochondrion

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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33
Q

Structure of the plasma (cell) membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer, with proteins embedded in the layer

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34
Q

Structure of cytoplasm

A

Thick, gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid

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35
Q

Structure of the nucleus

A
  • Largest organelle
  • Surrounded by nuclear envelope
  • Nuclear pores to allow movement of molecules
  • Contains chromatin
  • Nucleolus
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36
Q

Structure of Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of membrane bound flattened stacks (not attached)

37
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A
  • Two membranes
  • Inner membrane highly folded to form cristae
  • Central part is called the matrix
  • Can be seen as long or spherical in shape
38
Q

Structure of centrioles

A

Small tubes of protein fibres

39
Q

Structure of cell wall (eukaryotes)

A
  • Made of cellulose

- Sieve like structure

40
Q

Function of cell wall (eukaryotes)

A

Protects and supports each cell and the whole plant

41
Q

Structure of a chloroplast

A
  • Double membrane
  • Filled with fluid called stroma
  • Inner membrane is a continuous network of flattened sacs called thylakoids
  • A stack of thylakoids is called a granum (grana for plural)
  • Grana contain chlorophyll (photosynthetic pigment)
42
Q

Function of a chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

Light energy trapped by the chlorophyll and used to produce carbohydrate molecules from water and carbon dioxide

43
Q

Structure of tonoplast

A

Partially-permeable membrane of the vacuole

44
Q

Function of tonoplast

A

Selectively permeable to allow small molecules to pass thorough

45
Q

Structure of amyloplast

A

Double membrane-bound sac containing starch granules

46
Q

Function of amyloplast

A

Responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch granules

47
Q

Structure of plasmodesmata

A

Microscopic channels which cross the cell walls of plant cells

48
Q

Function of plasmodesmata

A

Enable transport and communication between individual plant cells

49
Q

Structure of pits

A

Pores in cells walls of the xylem

50
Q

Function of pits

A

Allow water to enter and leave xylem vessels

51
Q

Structure of cell wall (prokaryotic)

A

Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

52
Q

Function of cell wall (prokaryotic)

A

Protects and supports each cell

53
Q

Structure of the capsule

A

Slippery layer outside the cell wall of some species of bacteria

54
Q

Function of capsule

A

Protects the cell and prevents desiccation

55
Q

Structure of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells

A

Smaller than ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells. They consist of two sub-units and are not surrounded by a membrane

56
Q

Function of ribosomes (prokaryotic)

A

Protein synthesis occurs at the ribosomes

57
Q

Structure of nucleoid

A
  • Nucleoid means nucleus-like
  • Irregularly shaped region that holds the nuclear material with a nuclear membrane
  • Where genetic material is localised
  • DNA forms one circular chromosome (free-floating)
58
Q

Function of a nucleoid

A
  • Region where genetic information can be found

- Control cellular activity

59
Q

Structure of a plasmid

A

Small loops of DNA

60
Q

Function of a plasmid

A

Carry genes that may benefit the survival of the organism

61
Q

How can you tell the difference between gram positive and gram negative cells?

A
  • Carry out Gram staining
  • Involving crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin
  • Gram positive are purple from the crystal violet
  • Gram negative are pink from the safranin stain
  • This is because gram negative have thinner walls so the initial stain is removed by alcohol wash
62
Q

Where are palisade mesophyll cells found?

A

Upper side of the leaf

63
Q

What is the function of palisade mesophyll cells?

A

Photosynthesis

64
Q

How are palisade mesophyll cells adapted to their function?

A
  • Packed with chloroplasts to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis
  • Chloroplasts can move around cytoplasm to maximise the amount of sunlight they can absorb
  • Found near the surface of the leaf
65
Q

Where are root hair cells found?

A
  • Plant cell

- Near the growing tip of plant roots

66
Q

What is the function of root hair cells?

A

Movement of water and minerals from the soil into the plant root

67
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to their function?

A
  • Large surface area to maximise movement of water and minerals into the plant root from the soil
  • Thin cellulose walls
  • Vacuole containing cell sap with a low water potential
68
Q

What is a sperm cell?

A

Male gamete (sex cell) in animals

69
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

Deliver genetic information to the egg cell (female gamete) - fertilisation

70
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted to its function?

A
  • Undulipodium - tail like structure to allow movement
  • Many mitochondria to provide energy by respiration for movement
  • Acrosome enzyme to digest the protective layer around the egg cell
71
Q

How big is a human sperm cell?

A

Mid-piece tail is 7 micrometres long and the end is ~40 micrometres long. The sperm head is 3 micrometres wide and 4 micrometres long

72
Q

What is an egg cell?

A 
Female gamete (sex cell) in animals
Also known as ova
73
Q

How big is an egg cell in humans?

A

It is one of the largest cells in the human body, approximately 0.12mm in diameter

74
Q

What is the function of an egg cell?

A

Contains genetic information to join with sperm cell in fertilisation

75
Q

How is an egg cell adapted to its function?

A
  • Nucleus which holds genetic material
  • Zona pellucida provides outer protective layer/membrane of the egg
  • Corona radiate (two or three layers) which provides proteins needed by the fertilised egg cell
76
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen around the body (needed for cellular respiration)

77
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A
  • Biconcave shape (both sides concave inwards) meaning increased surface area to volume ratio
  • Flexible to squeeze through narrow blood capillaries
  • No nucleus or organelles to increase space for haemoglobin (which carry oxygen)
78
Q

Give another name for red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

79
Q

Give another name for white blood cells

A

Neutrophils

80
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Immune system - fight infection by digesting pathogens (disease causing microorganisms)

81
Q

How are white blood cells adapted to their function?

A
  • Multi-lobed nuclei which enables them to squeeze through small gaps when travelling to the sit of infection
  • Cytoplasm holds lysosomes which contain enzymes used to digest pathogens that are ingested by the neutrophil
82
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue in animals?

A

Epithelium
Muscle
Connective
Nervous

83
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial tissues in animals?

A
  • Squamous epithelial tissue
  • Columnar epithelial tissue
  • Endothelium tissue
84
Q

Describe the structure of squamous epithelial tissue

A

Made up of flattened, specialised squamous epithelial cells
1 cell thick
Lining tissue

85
Q

What is the function of squamous epithelial tissue?

A

Rapid diffusion

86
Q

Give an example of squamous epithelial tissue and how it’s adapted to its function

A

Alveoli in the lungs – short diffusion pathway to allow rapid oxygen diffusion into the blood and carbon dioxide into the lungs

87
Q

What is COPD? (what does it stand for)

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

88
Q

Name a cause of COPD

A

Smoking

89
Q

Describe the stages leading to COPD

A
  1. Epithelium cells can be damaged by smoking
  2. Smoke irritates and causes inflammation and scarring of the epithelium tissue in the lungs
  3. Alveoli walls become thicker due to scaring and produce more mucus
  4. Damage to air sacs causes emphysema and lungs lose natural elasticity
  5. This causes symptoms such as: breathlessness, persistent coughing, phlegm

BTEC Forensics (1 decks)

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