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Biology 11 University > Unit 1: Biodiversity > Flashcards

Unit 1: Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition: Three Domain System

A

The three-domain system is a taxonomic classification system that groups all cellular life into three domains, namely Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.

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2
Q

Definition: Taxonomy

A

All living organisms may be classified into one of the three domains. From there, life may be further divided into six different kingdoms.

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3
Q

What is the order of taxonomy classes?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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4
Q

Identifying Species: Morphology

A

Body shape, size

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5
Q

Identifying Species: Biology

A

Ability to produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

Identifying Species: Phylogenic

A

Evolutionary history (DNA technology)

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7
Q

Definition: Species

A

Animals of the same species share genetic, physiological, and biochemical similarities and can mate to produce viable, fertile offspring.

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8
Q

Definition: Dichotomous Key

A

A dichotomous key asks a series of questions, or proposes a series of tests, that categorize organisms into smaller and smaller categories based on physical features until such time as they can be positively identified.

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9
Q

Definition: Phylogeny

A

Phylogeny is the study of how organisms are related to each other.

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10
Q

Definition: Cladograms

A

The evolutionary story of all living organisms can be quite complex so scientists have created diagrams called cladograms that simplify this description for particular organisms.

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11
Q

What are the traits of an animal cell?

A
  • Oval or blob-like shape.
  • Surrounded by a flexible cell membrane only.
  • Has centrioles which play a role in cell division.
  • No chloroplasts.
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12
Q

What are the traits of an plant cell?

A
  • Rectangular shape.
  • Surrounded by both a cell membrane and a rigid cell wall made of cellulose.
  • No centrioles.
  • Has chloroplasts which are the sites of photosynthesis; plant cells may have a greenish experience.
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13
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of living things?

A

Motility, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition, Respiration.

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14
Q

Characteristics of living things: Motility

A

The ability of an organism to move or change position.

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15
Q

Characteristics of living things: Sensitivity

A

The ability of an organism to detect changes to its environment.

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16
Q

Characteristics of living things: Growth

A

All organisms grow throughout their lives.

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17
Q

Characteristics of living things: Reproduction

A

The ability of an organism to pass on its genetic material to viable offspring.

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18
Q

Characteristics of living things: Excretion

A

The ability of an organism to get rid of waste.

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19
Q

Characteristics of living things: Nutrition

A

All organisms use energy created from the intake of materials from their environment.

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20
Q

Characteristics of living things: Respiration

A

All organisms break down substances to produce (or release) energy that is then used in biological processes.

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21
Q

Definition: Prokaryotic Cells

A

No true nucleus, single circular DNA, simple structure.

22
Q

Definition: Eukaryotic Cells

A

Membrane-bound nucleus, complex structure, organelles.

23
Q

Eukaryota: Anamalia

A

Multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic.

24
Q

Eukaryota: Plantae

A

Multicellular organisms that are autotrophic.

25
Q

Eukaryota: Fungi

A

Can be multicellular or unicellular organisms that are absorptive heterotrophs. Fungi are also decomposers.

26
Q

Eukaryota: Protista

A

Mainly unicellular organisms that can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.

27
Q

Bacteria: Archaebacteria

A

Unicellular organisms that are heterotrophs. Archaebacteria are also known as extremophiles because they live in extreme conditions.

28
Q

Bacteria: Eubacteria

A

Unicellular organisms that can either be heterotrophs or autotrophs.

29
Q

Definition: Protists

A

Protists are the simplest of all Eukaryota, usually single-celled organisms. They are generally microscopic and contain all essential cell parts. Protists are primarily aquatic but can live in moist environments, relying on water for survival and respiration through diffusion.

30
Q

Protists: Reproduction and Energy Acqusition

A

Most protists reproduce asexually through binary fission. Some protists can exchange genetic material and reproduce sexually.

31
Q

Animal-like Protists:

A

Heterotrophic and motile, similar to animals.

32
Q

Plant-like Protists:

A

Photosynthetic, similar to plants.

33
Q

Fungus-like Protists:

A

Absorptive heterotrophs, similar to fungi.

34
Q

Definition: Amoeba

A

Blob-like organism with a flexible membrane.

35
Q

Key Structures of Fungi: Thallus

A

The vegetative body of the fungus, often consisting of the mycelium.

36
Q

Key Structures of Fungi: Hypha

A

Long, thread-like structures that transport nutrients and contain the genetic material.

37
Q

Key Structures of Fungi: Mycelium

A

A network of hyphae that makes up the majority of the fungus’s vegetative body.

38
Q

Eukaryotes: Invertebrates: Echinoderms

A

Five-point radial symmetry, live in saltwater. Capable of regeneration (e.g., starfish, sea cucumbers).

39
Q

Eukaryotes: Invertebrates: Mollusks

A

Aquatic and terrestrial, some are intelligent (e.g., squid, octopus). Many are filter feeders (e.g., clams, mussels).

40
Q

Eukaryotes: Invertebrates: Arthropods

A

Exoskeleton, jointed appendages, segmented body. Includes insects (6 legs), arachnids (8 legs), and crustaceans (10 legs).

41
Q

Eukaryotes: Invertebrates: Annelids

A

Segmented worms with moist skin, live in various ecosystems. Hermaphrodites (e.g., earthworms, leeches).

42
Q

Eukaryotes: Invertebrates: Porifera

A

Pore-covered body, allowing water circulation (e.g., sponges).

43
Q

Warm-blooded animals

A

Warm-blooded animals (birds, mammals) maintain a constant body temperature and require regular food intake.

44
Q

Cold-blooded animals

A

Cold-blooded animals (fish, amphibians, reptiles) adjust their body temperature to their environment and may eat less frequently.

45
Q

Definition: External fertilization

A

External fertilization (fish, amphibians) occurs in water, while internal fertilization (reptiles, birds, mammals) occurs on land. Reptiles bury their eggs and rely on environmental temperature for hatching, while birds incubate their eggs to maintain a constant temperature, allowing for more predictable hatching times.

46
Q

Bacteria: Decomposers

A

Bacteria act as decomposers in ecosystems, breaking down dead organisms and recycling nutrients. Essential for nutrient cycles like carbon and nitrogen. Soil can contain up to 40 million bacteria per gram, with their total mass exceeding all other living things.

47
Q

Bacteria: Food Production

A

Bacteria are used in producing yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, and pickles. Yogurt contains live bacteria that help digest food and maintain gut health. Bacteria also convert alcohol to vinegar and play a role in various fermented foods.

48
Q

Bacteria: Genetic Engineering

A

Recombinant DNA technology uses bacterial plasmids as vectors to produce substances like human insulin. Bacteria with inserted genes reproduce and produce insulin efficiently, replacing older methods of extraction from animal pancreases. This method is also used for producing other hormones like human growth hormone.

49
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Attachment: Virus attaches to host cell surface or is engulfed.

Injection: Viral genetic material is injected into the host cell.

Replication: Host cell enzymes replicate viral DNA; host ribosomes make viral proteins.

Assembly: New viruses are assembled and fill the cell.
Release: Host cell lyses (bursts), releasing new viruses to infect other cells.

50
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

Attachment and Injection: Similar to lytic cycle.

Integration: Viral DNA integrates into the host’s DNA and remains dormant.

Replication: Host cell reproduces normally, copying the integrated viral DNA.

Trigger: Environmental factors (e.g., UV radiation, chemicals) may activate the viral DNA, leading to the lytic cycle and new virus production.

51
Q

What are the ways viral diseases are spread?

A

Airborne Transmission: Through coughing or sneezing.

Bodily Fluids: Blood, saliva, urine, semen; includes sexually transmitted diseases.

Surface Contact: Viruses can be spread via contaminated surfaces, food, and drinks.

Cuts and Sores: Open wounds can allow viruses to enter the bloodstream.

Control: Disinfectants like bleach help manage viruses on surfaces.

Biology 11 University (4 decks)

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