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SBI3U- grade 11 > unit 1- biodiversity > Flashcards

unit 1- biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

how does asexual reproduction work + what are its benefits?

A

plants make both the egg and the sperm, animals clone themselves. advantage of not needing to find a mate

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2
Q

how does sexual reproduction work + what are its benefits?

A

requires 2 individuals, advantage of genetic diversity

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3
Q

what is the study of the evolutionary relations between different groups?

A

phylogeny

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4
Q

what is the science of classifying all organisms and what is the system called?

A

taxonomy, binomial nomenclature

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5
Q

what are the levels of classification?

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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6
Q

what are prokaryote cell walls made of?

A

peptidoglycan

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7
Q

what type of cell does not have membrane bound organelles?

A

prokaryote

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8
Q

what type of cell has DNA contained in its nucleus?

A

eukaryotic

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9
Q

what type of cell is small and unicellular?

A

prokaryote

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10
Q

what similarities do prokaryotes and eukaryotes share?

A

a cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA, cell membrane

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11
Q

what are the 2 prokaryotic kingdoms?

A

eubacteria & archaebacteria

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12
Q

what makes archaebacteria different from eubacteria?

A

archaebacteria carries major genetic and structural differences from eubacteria. DNA evidence brings archaea to be closer in relation to eukaryotes

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13
Q

what are the 4 parts of a prokaryotic cell?

A

flagellum, DNA, ribosomes and pili

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14
Q

what are the 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes?

A

fungi, plantae, animalia and protista

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15
Q

what are the similarities in RNA & DNA

A

both carry genetic information, consist of sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate backbone

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16
Q

what are the 2 essential components of a virus?

A

A core of genetic material (DNA/RNA) and a head known as a capsid which is made a protective protein coat

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17
Q

why are viruses not present in the taxonomy (2 reasons)

A

they do not possess all of the necessary characteristics of living organisms, they are unable to metabolize on their own (homeostasis) and are only capable of reproducing within living cells

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18
Q

what type of cells will a virus use to replicate itself?

A

a permissive host cell. one that cannot prevent the reproduction of the virus

19
Q

describe the lytic cycle

A

in unfavourable conditions, the virus will attach itself to a host cell and inject its DNA. It will next replicate itself in the cell using the host’s cellular metabolism. it will then break out in a process called lysis.

20
Q

describe the lysogenic cycle

A

in favourable conditions, the virus will inject its DNA into the host and replicate itself within the cell. it will remain in a dormant state until it is stimulated. upon stimulus the virus will reactivated and will send all infected cells back into the lytic cycle

21
Q

why is influenza A impossible to prevent

A

bc/ they mutate easily which changes their genetic code. with this, past vaccines are inefficient

22
Q

what are the different shapes of bacteria?

A

spheres- cocci, rod- bacilli, spirals- spirella

23
Q

what are the different arrangements of bacteria?

A

pairs- diplo, chain- strepto, cluster- staphlo

24
Q

what are pili used for?

A

to help bacteria adhere to surfaces, helps the cell avoid attacks from white blood cells & used for the transfer of genetic info (conjugation)

25
Q

what is the slime capsule for?

A

to prevent the bacteria from drying out

26
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

thread like structure made of DNA

27
Q

what is a plasmid?

A

piece of DNA that contains extra genes

28
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

make proteins necessary for function, regulation & structure

29
Q

what are the 2 types of autotroph bacteria?

A

phototrophs- photosynthesis w/o chlorophyll, chemotrophs- use energy from chemical reactions to convert carbon dioxide & water into glucose

30
Q

3 types of oxygen environments bacteria can grow in

A

obligate aerobes- only in oxygen, obligate anarobes- no oxygen, faculative aerobes- both

31
Q

methods of bacterial reproduction?

A

typically asexual thru binary fission- bacteria divides into 2 equal parts after the cell DNA is replicated. or conjuation- exchange of genetic info thru pili

32
Q

characteristics of the domain archaea?

A
  • tiny prokaryotes, their cell walls & membranes have a unique makeup which lacks peptidoglycan, unique genetic info. many are extremophiles
33
Q

what are the different types of extremophiles?

A

methanogens- live in low oxygen environments, generate energy by converting chemical compounds into methane gas
halophiles- salt loving (deadsea) most get energy from organic food or use light as a second energy source
thermophiles- hot environments- hydrothermal vents
psychrophiles- cold loving- arctic oceans

34
Q

how do protists reproduce?

A

binary fission or conjugation (or fragmentation)

35
Q

characteristics of prostists

A

typically aquatic, single celled, heterotrophs, microscopic

36
Q

what are fungi cell walls made of?

A

chitin

37
Q

what are protist cell walls made of?

A

some have cellulose or chloroplast cell walls

38
Q

what are plant cell walls made of?

A

cellulose and chloroplasts

39
Q

what kingdom has multiple nuclei per cell?

A

fungi

40
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

favourable -> asexually eg. spores or budding in yeast, genetic transfer between colonies by hyphae
unfavourable -> sexually eg. conjugation in bread mold

41
Q

mycelium is what?

A

underground hyphae structure

42
Q

how does fungi reproduce w/ spores?

A

spores may germinate to produce its hyphae w/ adequate food & moisture

43
Q
A
44
Q
A

SBI3U- grade 11 (1 decks)

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