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Biology Bell > Unit 1- Biochemisty > Flashcards

Unit 1- Biochemisty Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements are found in organic compounds

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

Sometimes nitrogen and sulphur and phosphorus

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2
Q

Why are carbohydrates important

A

There are usable energy source and useful for storing energy

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3
Q

What are the two subcategories of carbs

A

Sugars and starch

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4
Q

Where are sucrose fructose and glucose and starch found

A

Sucrose- White sugar
Fructose- fruit
Glucose- energy drinks
Starch- pasta, potatoes

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5
Q

What monosaccharides make up sucrose

A

Alpha glucose + fructose

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6
Q

What monosaccharides make up lactose

A

Alpha glucose + beta galactose

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7
Q

What monosaccharides make up maltose

A

Alpha glucose + alpha glucose

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8
Q

Give three examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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9
Q

What are triose sugars important for

A

Important mitochondria where glucose is broken down into triose sugars during respiration

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10
Q

What are pentose sugar is important for

A

Ribose and deoxyribose are pentode sugars important in DNA

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11
Q

What are hexose sugars important for

A

Well known with sweet taste I.e glucose galactose and fructose

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12
Q

What type of reaction joins two monosaccharides together

A

Condensation reaction

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13
Q

How are disaccharides formed

A

Condensation reaction between two monosaccharides forming a Glycosidic bond

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14
Q

Write a general equation for the formation of a disaccharide

A

Monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide + water

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15
Q

Where is a glycosidic bond found

A

In a disaccharide

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16
Q

What is a monomer

A

Small molecule single unit of polymer

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17
Q

What is a polymer

A

A long chain molecules made up of repeating monomers joined by a chemical bond

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18
Q

What is the monosaccharide

A

A single sugar monomer

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19
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

Polymer made up of long chains of monosaccharides

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20
Q

What type of reaction turns a disaccharide into a monosaccharide

A

Hydrolysis (+h2o)

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21
Q

Where does hydrolysis take place in the body

A

For digestion in gut and muscle/liver cells when carbs are broken down to release sugars for respiration

22
Q

Describe the structure of starch

A

Insoluble compact and broken down rapidly

23
Q

Describe the structure of Amylose

A

(1-4 glycosidic bond) unbranched polymer. Spiral chain because the weight attracts makes it more compact for storage. Slow release energy

24
Q

Describe the structure of amylopectin

A

(1-6 glycosidic bonds) punched polymer of glucose molecules. Many terminal glucose molecules that can be broken off rapidly when energy is needed. Rapid cellular respiration

25
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen

A

Many branched alpha glucose units (compact).

More 1-6 glycosidic bonds giving it many side branches easiest broken of for rapid breakdown for energy

26
Q

What is a glycosidic bond

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction

27
Q

What are reducing sugars

A

Sugars that react with blue Benedicks solution and reduce the copper (II) ions to copper(I) ions giving an orangey red precipitate

28
Q

What are non-reducing sugars

A

Sugars that are not react with Benedicks solution

29
Q

What are the uses of lipids

A

Using cell membranes and energy store

30
Q

What elements do lipids contain

A

Only carbon hydrogen and oxygen

31
Q

Describe the structure of lipids

A

Fatty acids and glycerol combined using Ester bonds

32
Q

What are fatty acids

A

Long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end (COOH)

33
Q

Where are lipids found

A

Membranes, phospholipid membrane
Seeds, store of lipid to provide energy for seedlings
Body, fat stores for energy

34
Q

What does saturated mean, where are the found and why

A

Such as being single bonds between carbon atoms found in the warm blooded mammals because they have a high melting point

35
Q

What does unsaturated mean where are they found and why

A

Contains double bonds between carbon atoms found in cold blooded mammals due to low melting point

36
Q

Describe what happens to fatty acids in digestion

A

Fatty acids are insoluble in water but soluble in the solvent such as ethanol indigestion a hydration reaction occurs to break the molecules

37
Q

Describe the structure of triglycerides

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids joined with ester bonds from condensation reactions

38
Q

Explain the uses of triglycerides

A

Energy store – high energy per unit mass but can’t be mobilised quickly because of instability

Insulation- insulates against heat loss and in myelin sheath

Waterproofing – lipids are hydrophobic

Buoyancy – low density

39
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic phosphate head

Hydrophobic fatty acid tales

40
Q

How are phospholipids formed

A

Phosphate ions present inside it to plasma undergo an esterification reaction with a hydroxyl group in glycerol

41
Q

Explain the structure of liposomes

A

Phospholipid bilayer- hydrophilic heads facing the water, hydrophobic tails inside structure traps a compartment of water in the middle

42
Q

What are some uses of proteins

A 
Enzymes
Transport
Pumps
Hormones
Receptors
Antibodies
Storage
Toxins
Lubrication
43
Q

How many types of amino acids are there

A

20 different amino acid types

44
Q

Describe the structure of a protein

A 
Carbon alpha atom in middle
Hydrogen group
Carboxylic acid group
Amino acid group
R group
45
Q

What determines the solubility of a protein

A

The size of the our group and its charge

46
Q

What elements are found in proteins

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen 
Sulphur
47
Q

What is the importance of the sequence of amino acids

A

Sequence of amino acids affects the 3-D structure of the protein

48
Q

What are polypeptides and how are the formed

A

Chain of amino acids had together by peptide bonds formed in a condensation polymerisation

49
Q

What holds together two amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

50
Q

What are the two types of polypeptides

A

Globular- soluble in solution

Insoluble

51
Q

What four types of bonds are found in polypeptides

A

Peptide bond
Hydrogen bond
Disulphide bond
Ionic bond

Biology Bell (1 decks)

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