Unit 1- Biochemisty

Question 1

What elements are found in organic compounds

Answer 1

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

Sometimes nitrogen and sulphur and phosphorus

Question 2

Why are carbohydrates important

Answer 2

There are usable energy source and useful for storing energy

Question 3

What are the two subcategories of carbs

Answer 3

Sugars and starch

Question 4

Where are sucrose fructose and glucose and starch found

Answer 4

Sucrose- White sugar
Fructose- fruit
Glucose- energy drinks
Starch- pasta, potatoes

Question 5

What monosaccharides make up sucrose

Answer 5

Alpha glucose + fructose

Question 6

What monosaccharides make up lactose

Answer 6

Alpha glucose + beta galactose

Question 7

What monosaccharides make up maltose

Answer 7

Alpha glucose + alpha glucose

Question 8

Give three examples of disaccharides

Answer 8

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

Question 9

What are triose sugars important for

Answer 9

Important mitochondria where glucose is broken down into triose sugars during respiration

Question 10

What are pentose sugar is important for

Answer 10

Ribose and deoxyribose are pentode sugars important in DNA

Question 11

What are hexose sugars important for

Answer 11

Well known with sweet taste I.e glucose galactose and fructose

Question 12

What type of reaction joins two monosaccharides together

Answer 12

Condensation reaction

Question 13

How are disaccharides formed

Answer 13

Condensation reaction between two monosaccharides forming a Glycosidic bond

Question 14

Write a general equation for the formation of a disaccharide

Answer 14

Monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide + water

Question 15

Where is a glycosidic bond found

Answer 15

In a disaccharide

Question 16

What is a monomer

Answer 16

Small molecule single unit of polymer

Question 17

What is a polymer

Answer 17

A long chain molecules made up of repeating monomers joined by a chemical bond

Question 18

What is the monosaccharide

Answer 18

A single sugar monomer

Question 19

What is a polysaccharide

Answer 19

Polymer made up of long chains of monosaccharides

Question 20

What type of reaction turns a disaccharide into a monosaccharide

Answer 20

Hydrolysis (+h2o)

Question 21

Where does hydrolysis take place in the body

Answer 21

For digestion in gut and muscle/liver cells when carbs are broken down to release sugars for respiration

Question 22

Describe the structure of starch

Answer 22

Insoluble compact and broken down rapidly

Question 23

Describe the structure of Amylose

Answer 23

(1-4 glycosidic bond) unbranched polymer. Spiral chain because the weight attracts makes it more compact for storage. Slow release energy

Question 24

Describe the structure of amylopectin

Answer 24

(1-6 glycosidic bonds) punched polymer of glucose molecules. Many terminal glucose molecules that can be broken off rapidly when energy is needed. Rapid cellular respiration

Question 25

Describe the structure of glycogen

Answer 25

Many branched alpha glucose units (compact). | More 1-6 glycosidic bonds giving it many side branches easiest broken of for rapid breakdown for energy

Question 26

What is a glycosidic bond

Answer 26

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction

Question 27

What are reducing sugars

Answer 27

Sugars that react with blue Benedicks solution and reduce the copper (II) ions to copper(I) ions giving an orangey red precipitate

Question 28

What are non-reducing sugars

Answer 28

Sugars that are not react with Benedicks solution

Question 29

What are the uses of lipids

Answer 29

Using cell membranes and energy store

Question 30

What elements do lipids contain

Answer 30

Only carbon hydrogen and oxygen

Question 31

Describe the structure of lipids

Answer 31

Fatty acids and glycerol combined using Ester bonds

Question 32

What are fatty acids

Answer 32

Long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end (COOH)

Question 33

Where are lipids found

Answer 33

Membranes, phospholipid membrane Seeds, store of lipid to provide energy for seedlings Body, fat stores for energy

Question 34

What does saturated mean, where are the found and why

Answer 34

Such as being single bonds between carbon atoms found in the warm blooded mammals because they have a high melting point

Question 35

What does unsaturated mean where are they found and why

Answer 35

Contains double bonds between carbon atoms found in cold blooded mammals due to low melting point

Question 36

Describe what happens to fatty acids in digestion

Answer 36

Fatty acids are insoluble in water but soluble in the solvent such as ethanol indigestion a hydration reaction occurs to break the molecules

Question 37

Describe the structure of triglycerides

Answer 37

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids joined with ester bonds from condensation reactions

Question 38

Explain the uses of triglycerides

Answer 38

Energy store – high energy per unit mass but can’t be mobilised quickly because of instability Insulation- insulates against heat loss and in myelin sheath Waterproofing – lipids are hydrophobic Buoyancy – low density

Question 39

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

Answer 39

Hydrophilic phosphate head | Hydrophobic fatty acid tales

Question 40

How are phospholipids formed

Answer 40

Phosphate ions present inside it to plasma undergo an esterification reaction with a hydroxyl group in glycerol

Question 41

Explain the structure of liposomes

Answer 41

Phospholipid bilayer- hydrophilic heads facing the water, hydrophobic tails inside structure traps a compartment of water in the middle

Question 42

What are some uses of proteins

Answer 42

``` Enzymes Transport Pumps Hormones Receptors Antibodies Storage Toxins Lubrication ```

Question 43

How many types of amino acids are there

Answer 43

20 different amino acid types

Question 44

Describe the structure of a protein

Answer 44

``` Carbon alpha atom in middle Hydrogen group Carboxylic acid group Amino acid group R group ```

Question 45

What determines the solubility of a protein

Answer 45

The size of the our group and its charge

Question 46

What elements are found in proteins

Answer 46

``` Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulphur ```

Question 47

What is the importance of the sequence of amino acids

Answer 47

Sequence of amino acids affects the 3-D structure of the protein

Question 48

What are polypeptides and how are the formed

Answer 48

Chain of amino acids had together by peptide bonds formed in a condensation polymerisation

Question 49

What holds together two amino acids

Answer 49

Peptide bonds

Question 50

What are the two types of polypeptides

Answer 50

Globular- soluble in solution | Insoluble

Question 51

What four types of bonds are found in polypeptides

Answer 51

Peptide bond Hydrogen bond Disulphide bond Ionic bond