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H. Biology > Unit 1: Biochem > Flashcards

Unit 1: Biochem Flashcards

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1
Q

Acid

A

A solution that has a pH lower than 7.

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2
Q

Adhesion

A

Water’s special property to attract and bond with other polar molecules.

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3
Q

Amino Acid

A

Protein’s monomer. There are 20 and we get them from eating.

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4
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter. Makes up everything.

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5
Q

Base

A

Solution with a pH greater than 7. Also called alkaline.

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6
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Made up of carbon and water, it’s main function is to give quick bursts of energy to the cells.

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7
Q

Carbon

A

Element that is present in all macromolecules. Has 4 valence electrons. Generally takes on electrons and has a negative charge when bonded.

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8
Q

Cohesion

A

Water’s special property of attraction between other water molecules. Cohesion causes surface tension in water due, but the tension breaks because the attraction between the molecules is less than gravitational pull. The water molecules bond due to hydrogen bonds.

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9
Q

Compound

A

A material composed of two or more elements; generally is referred to as a molecule. Water is one example. O2 isn’t a compound because it is only made up of one element.

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10
Q

Constant

A

The things that stay the same during an experiment.

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11
Q

Control

A

A baseline measurement to make sure the dependent is accurate. It remains the same and is unaffected by other variables.

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12
Q

Convalent Bond

A

A bond between elements that share electrons.

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13
Q

Density

A

Degree of compactness of a substance. Gas is the least dense, liquid is the second least dense, and solids are the most dense.

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14
Q

Dependent variable

A

What the experiment is measuring. It would be on the y axis in a graph.

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15
Q

Element

A

One type of atom. It can be a bond between two atoms like O2.

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16
Q

Enzyme

A

A type of protein. Enzymes speed up a chemical reaction. They can build some substances, but they also break down substances. Our bodies create enzymes, but they can also be consumed in some manufactured foods.

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17
Q

Fatty Acid

A

The monomer of lipids. Three fatty acids and glycerol create a triglyceride. Made up of C, H, and O.

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18
Q

Glycerol

A

Makeup lipids as a backbone to triglycerides and phospholipids. Made up of C and H.

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19
Q

Water’s Temperature Moderation

A

Water’s tendency to absorb a lot of energy before heating up. This is called high specific heat. Sweating is an example of temperature moderation. The sweat absorbs all the heat on the surface of your body, but you do not heat up (homeostasis).

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20
Q

Hydrogen Bond (NOF)

A

An intramolecular (diff. molecules) or intermolecular (same molecule) bond between two molecules that have hydrogen.

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21
Q

Hydrogen Ion

A

Created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron, hydrogen ions are hydrogen atoms with a net electric charge (due to bonds interchanging electrons).

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22
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess that is based and specific. It is the third step in the scientific method.

23
Q

Ion

A

An atom with a net charge.

24
Q

Cation

A

An atom with a positive electric charge.

25
Q

Anion

A

An atom that has a negative electric charge.

26
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that is being changed or tested against. What you control.

27
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A bond between elements that give or take electrons.

28
Q

Lipid

A

A fat that is created by C,H,O and has a monomer of fatty acids. It is made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Lipids make up the cell membrane and give long-term energy to cells. Triglycerides and phospholipids are two types of lipids.

29
Q

Matter

A

Matter is a substance made up of various types of particles that occupies physical space and has inertia. It takes up space.

30
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more electrons bonded.

31
Q

Monomer

A

One molecule: the type of macromolecule that has only one of something like one sugar monosaccharide.

32
Q

Monosaccharide

A

It is one sugar. One example is glucose and fructose. It is one carbohydrate. It gives the least amount of energy quickly and lasts the least long out of all the carbohydrates.

33
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

A macromolecule that makes up genetic material (DNA, RNA). It is made up of C,H,O,N,P and is inside the nucleus of a cell. It is polar due to the negative charge of the Oxygen in the phosphate.

34
Q

Nucleotide

A

The monomer of nucleic acid. It is polar. It has a phosphate, which is where the phosphorous is the central atom. In the center joint, there is sugar, which fuels the cell. On the other arm, there is the base, which is where the nitrogen would attach and is the ladders in DNA.

35
Q

pH

A

In chemistry, pH, historically denoting “potential of hydrogen”, is a scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Water has a neutral pH of 7.

36
Q

Polarity

A

The unequal pull of electrons causing a partial charge.

37
Q

Polar

A

Polar molecules are non-symmetrical molecules that havee lone pairs of electrons on the central molecule. Water is polar and so is Glucose.

38
Q

Non-polar

A

Non-polar molecules are molecules that are symmetrical and have no lonee pairs of electrons. O2, N2, etc. are non-polar electrons

39
Q

Polymer

A

Many (3+) molecules. There are different types of polymers depending on the marcomolecule.

40
Q

Polypeptide

A

Polypeptides help make up proteins by bonding numerous amino acids together. Proteins are created by the bonding of two or more polypeptides, which are then folded into a specific shape for a particular protein.

41
Q

Polysaccharide

A

The polymer of Carbohydrates. It has many sugars and includes starch, cellulose, and glycogen. It is used for quick energy/short-term energy use for the cells, but because it contains more sugars, it lasts longer than monosaccharides.

42
Q

Protein

A

A macromolecule that has a monomer of amino acids. Polypeptides bond the amino acids together, so it needs 2 polypeptides to create a protein bond. The protein’s function is to build/make up muscle, tissue, organs, and enzymes. There are 20 amino acids, which you get from eating. The suffix for proteins is -ine. The polymer is protein. Protein is made up of C,H,O,N and it can be polar or non-polar.

43
Q

Saturated Fat

A

Fats that are solid at room temperature and have more hydrogen bonds than unsaturated fats. Butter, animal fat, and lard are all saturated fats; saturated fats are not good for the human body.

44
Q

Solvent

A

A substance that is able to dissolve other substances. Water is the universal solvent because water can dissolve polar molecules because polar dissolves polar. Water is just generally seen as the universal solvent because it has a neutral pH and can dissolve anything.

45
Q

Solute

A

The substance that is being dissolved.

46
Q

Triglyceride

A

It is the polymer of a lipid and is made up of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol base. Triglycerides are non-polar due to the fatty acids containing oxygen. Fats make up the cell membrane and are useful for long term energy use.

47
Q

Universal Solvent

A

One of water’s special properties that allows water to dissolve anything. The hydrogen bonds allow for solutes to be dissolved at a higher rate than other sovents. The neutral pH of 7 also allows for the water not to have a fizzy chemical reaction of base and acid, which helps to dissolve the solute. Generally water dissolved molecules to make them smaller for absorption and energy use.

48
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

Unsaturated fat is the fat that has a double carbon bond. The unsaturated fat, therefore, contains less hydrogen, which, in turn, makes it better for the human body. It is liquid at room temperature because of the weight of the double bond. The double bond causes the lipid to bend, which doesn’t allow multiple unsaturated fats to stack on top of each other and create a solid. Oil is a unsaturated fat and unstaurated fats are nonpolar.

49
Q

Trans Fat

A

Saturated fat that is artificially saturated with more hydrogen bonds, which causes it to be extra unhealthy and can cause diabetes and heart disease.

50
Q

Density of Water

A

Because of the electronegativity and polarity of the oxygen and hydrogen bonds of the Oxygen, when water freezes the cohesive lattice of water separates and creates space. This space makes ice less dense than water, which allows for ice to float on water and also allows for ecosystems to thrive underneath the ice.

51
Q

Homeostasis

A

A self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions. Sweat is an example of homeostasis and is an example of water’s temperature moderation because the sweat on the outside of the body absorbs a lot of the heat before the temperature increases, which allows for the body to remain stable.

52
Q

Polarity and Universal Solvent

A

When a polar substance is put in water, the positive ends of its molecules are attracted to the negative ends of the water molecules, and vice versa. The attractions cause the molecules of the new substance to be mixed uniformly with the water molecules.

53
Q

Organic

A

Organic compounds are generally any chemical compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds.

H. Biology (2 decks)

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