Unit 1 Bio Test (First half) Flashcards
1
Q
What is a cell?
A
The smallest unit of life, like the bricks of a building.
2
Q
What is the function of a cell?
A
It carries out all life processes to keep organisms alive.
3
Q
Define organelle.
A
Tiny structures inside a cell, like mini factories with different jobs.
4
Q
What is the function of an organelle?
A
Each one has a specific role, like making energy or proteins.
5
Q
What is the nucleus of a cell?
A
The brain of the cell, holding DNA.
6
Q
What is the function of the nucleus?
A
Controls cell activities and tells it what to do.
7
Q
What is a ribosome?
A
The cell’s protein factory.
8
Q
What is the function of a ribosome?
A
Builds proteins, which are needed for everything in the body.
9
Q
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)?
A
A maze-like structure covered in ribosomes.
10
Q
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A
Helps make and transport proteins.
11
Q
What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)?
A
Like the rough ER but smooth, with no ribosomes.
12
Q
What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A
Makes fats and detoxifies harmful substances.
13
Q
What is the Golgi Apparatus/Body?
A
The post office of the cell.
14
Q
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
A
Packages and ships proteins where they’re needed.
15
Q
What are vesicles?
A
Tiny delivery trucks inside the cell.
16
Q
What is the function of vesicles?
A
Transport materials like proteins around the cell.
17
Q
What are vacuoles?
A
Storage bubbles inside the cell.
18
Q
What is the function of vacuoles?
A
Store water, food, and waste.
19
Q
What is the cell membrane?
A
The bouncer of the cell.
20
Q
What is the function of the cell membrane?
A
Controls what enters and leaves.
21
Q
What is the cell wall?
A
A rigid outer layer found in plant cells.
22
Q
What is the function of the cell wall?
A
Gives shape, structure, and protection.
23
Q
What is the cytoskeleton?
A
The skeleton of the cell.
24
Q
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
A
Provides shape, strength, and helps with movement.
25
What are chloroplasts?
Green structures in plant cells.
26
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Carry out photosynthesis to make food (glucose).
27
What are mitochondria?
The powerhouse of the cell.
28
What is the function of mitochondria?
Produces energy (ATP) for the cell.
29
Define diffusion.
The movement of particles from high to low concentration.
30
What is the function of diffusion?
Helps spread nutrients and gases.
31
Define osmosis.
The diffusion of water across a membrane.
32
What is the function of osmosis?
Balances water levels inside and outside cells.
33
What is a microscope?
A tool that makes tiny things look bigger.
34
What is the function of a microscope?
Helps scientists study cells.
35
Define magnification.
How much bigger an image appears.
36
What is the function of magnification?
Lets us see details we can’t see with the naked eye.
37
What is an objective lens?
The main lenses on a microscope.
38
What is the function of the objective lens?
Magnify the specimen at different levels.
39
What is a biological drawing?
A neat, labeled sketch of cells or organisms.
40
What is the function of a biological drawing?
Helps scientists document observations.
41
What is the cell cycle?
The life cycle of a cell.
42
What is the function of the cell cycle?
Helps cells grow, divide, and replace old ones.
43
Define reproduction in cells.
Making new cells or organisms.
44
What is the function of reproduction?
Keeps species alive and replaces dead cells.
45
What is interphase?
The prep phase before cell division.
46
What is the function of interphase?
The cell grows and copies its DNA.
47
What is mitosis?
The process of one cell splitting into two identical cells.
48
What is the function of mitosis?
Helps with growth and repair.
49
What is cytokinesis?
The final split of the cytoplasm into two cells.
50
What is the function of cytokinesis?
Fully separates the two new cells.
51
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death.
52
What is the function of apoptosis?
Removes damaged or unnecessary cells.
53
What is DNA?
The instruction manual of life.
54
What is the function of DNA?
Carries genetic information.
55
What is chromatin?
Loose, uncoiled DNA inside the nucleus.
56
What is the function of chromatin?
Becomes chromosomes when the cell divides.
57
What are chromosomes?
Tightly packed DNA strands.
58
What is the function of chromosomes?
Carry genetic instructions for traits.
59
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that codes for a trait.
60
What is the function of a gene?
Determines characteristics like eye color.
61
Define mutations.
Changes in DNA.
62
What is the function of mutations?
Can cause differences, diseases, or no effect at all.
63
What are mutagens?
Things that cause mutations.
64
What is the function of mutagens?
Can be chemicals, radiation, or viruses.
65
What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
Organisms with altered DNA.
66
What is the function of GMOs?
Used in farming for better crops.
67
What is a tumor?
A lump of abnormal cells.
68
What is the function of a tumor?
Can be harmless (benign) or harmful (malignant).
69
Define cancer.
Uncontrolled cell growth.
70
What is the function of cancer?
Forms tumors and spreads in the body.
71
What are carcinogens?
Cancer-causing substances.
72
What is the function of carcinogens?
Found in tobacco, radiation, and chemicals.
73
What is synthesis in the context of cell division?
The process of making something new.
74
What is the function of synthesis in DNA replication?
It makes a copy of DNA.
75
What is a centromere?
The middle part of a chromosome.
76
What is the function of the centromere?
Holds sister chromatids together.
77
What is prophase?
The first stage of mitosis.
78
What is the function of prophase?
Chromosomes become visible, and spindle fibers form.
79
What is metaphase?
The second stage of mitosis.
80
What is the function of metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
81
What is anaphase?
The third stage of mitosis.
82
What is the function of anaphase?
Chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides.
83
What is telophase?
The final stage of mitosis.
84
What is the function of telophase?
Two new nuclei form.
85
What are spindle fibers?
String-like structures in mitosis.
86
What is the function of spindle fibers?
Help pull chromosomes apart.
87
What is a cleavage furrow?
A pinch in the middle of an animal cell during division.
88
What is the function of the cleavage furrow?
Helps the cell split.
89
What is a cell plate?
A wall that forms between two new plant cells.
90
What is the function of the cell plate?
Becomes the new cell wall.
91
What is cell differentiation?
When cells develop into specific types.
92
What is the function of cell differentiation?
Makes different body parts like muscle and skin cells.
93
What are stem cells?
Cells that can become any type of cell.
94
What is the function of stem cells?
Help repair and grow tissues.
95
What are meristematic cells?
Stem cells in plants.
96
What is the function of meristematic cells?
Help plants grow.
97
What are buds in plants?
Growth points on plants.
98
What is the function of buds?
Develop into leaves, flowers, or stems.
99
What is auxin?
A plant hormone.
100
What is the function of auxin?
Controls plant growth.
101
What is dermal tissue in plants?
The outer layer of a plant.
102
What is the function of dermal tissue?
Protects against water loss.
103
What is vascular tissue in plants?
The transport system of a plant.
104
What is the function of vascular tissue?
Moves water and nutrients.
105
What is ground tissue in plants?
The filler tissue in a plant.
106
What is the function of ground tissue?
Stores food and supports the plant.
107
What is xylem?
Carries water up from roots.
108
What is the function of xylem?
Helps plants stay hydrated.
109
What is phloem?
Carries sugars made in photosynthesis.
110
What is the function of phloem?
Feeds the plant.
111
What is a vascular bundle?
A group of xylem and phloem.
112
What is the function of a vascular bundle?
Moves water and food throughout the plant.
113
What is lignin?
A tough substance in plant cell walls.
114
What is the function of lignin?
Makes plants strong and woody.
115
What is the pericycle?
A layer of cells in plant roots.
116
What is the function of the pericycle?
Helps new roots grow.
117
What is the cortex in plants?
A layer in plant roots and stems.
118
What is the function of the cortex?
Stores food and moves nutrients.
119
What is the endodermis?
A thin layer of cells in plant roots.
120
What is the function of the endodermis?
Controls water flow into the plant.
121
What are root hairs?
Tiny hair-like structures on roots.
122
What is the function of root hairs?
Increase surface area to absorb water.
123
What is a leaf?
The main site of photosynthesis.
124
What is the function of a leaf?
Captures sunlight to make food.
125
What is a cuticle?
A waxy layer on leaves.
126
What is the function of the cuticle?
Prevents water loss.
127
What is the epidermis in leaves?
The outer skin of a leaf.
128
What is the function of the epidermis?
Protects the leaf.
129
What is palisade mesophyll?
The upper layer of leaf cells.
130
What is the function of palisade mesophyll?
Packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
131
What is spongy parenchyma mesophyll?
A layer under the palisade mesophyll.
132
What is the function of spongy parenchyma mesophyll?
Allows gas exchange in the leaf.
133
What are guard cells?
Cells that surround stomata.
134
What is the function of guard cells?
Open and close stomata to control water loss.
135
What are stomata?
Tiny openings in the leaf.
136
What is the function of stomata?
Let gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through.
137
What is photosynthesis?
The process plants use to make food.
138
What is the function of photosynthesis?
Converts sunlight into glucose.
139
What is glucose?
A simple sugar made in photosynthesis.
140
What is the function of glucose?
Provides energy for the plant.
141
What is transpiration?
The release of water from leaves.
142
What is the function of transpiration?
Helps pull water up from the roots.
143
What are totipotent stem cells?
Cells that can turn into any type of cell.
144
What is the function of totipotent stem cells?
Create entire organisms.
145
What are pluripotent stem cells?
Cells that can become many types of cells.
146
What is the function of pluripotent stem cells?
Help with growth and repair.
147
What are tissues?
Groups of similar cells working together.
148
What is the function of tissues?
Perform specific jobs like protection or transport.
149
What are lysosomes?
The garbage disposals of the cell.
150
What is the function of lysosomes?
Break down waste and worn-out cell parts.
151
What is a peroxisome?
A small organelle that detoxifies substances.
152
What is the function of a peroxisome?
Breaks down harmful chemicals in the cell.
