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Biology 1/2 > Unit 1 - Basis Of Cells > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Basis Of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element that vary on the number of neutrons

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2
Q

What kind of molecules are hydrophilic?

A

Water loving polar molecules

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3
Q

What kind of molecules are hydrophobic?

A

Water fearing non polar molecules

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4
Q

What are the 5 properties of water

A 
Cohesion
Adhesion
High specific heat
High heat of vaporization 
Less dense as a solid
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5
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Attraction between particles of the same substance

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6
Q

What is adhesion?a

A

Attraction between two different substances

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7
Q

What is specific heat?

A

Amount of energy needed to raise or lower one gram of a substance to 1°C

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8
Q

What is heat of vaporization?

A

Amount of energy to convert one gram of a substance from liquid to gas

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9
Q

What is the basic formula for carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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10
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Simple sugars with multiple OH groups also the monomer of carbohydrates

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11
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides bonded together

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12
Q

What bond holds together polymers of carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic linkage

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13
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polymers consisting of chains of monosaccharide or disaccharide units

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14
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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15
Q

Most monosaccharides are what of each other?

A

Isomers

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16
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

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17
Q

How do you make maltose?

A

2 glucose joined together

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18
Q

How do you make lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose joined

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19
Q

When dissolved in water what happens to sugar with more than 5 carbons? What happens when it’s dry?

A

When wet it forms a ring when dry it becomes linear

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20
Q

What are the three most common polysaccharides and what organisms could you find them?

A

Cellulose and starch (plants)

Glycogen (animals)

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21
Q

What is the main purpose of carbohydrates?

A

Short term energy storage

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22
Q

What does chitin do? And what organisms is it used by?

A

Build exoskeletons

Used by arthropods

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23
Q

What is a dehydration synthesis? And what’s another name for it?

A

Two subunits linked together through the removal of water

Condensation reaction

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24
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Two subunits being broken apart by the addition of a water molecule

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25
Q

What functional group do carbohydrates have?

A

Hydroxyl group (OH)

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26
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

C H and O

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27
Q

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

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28
Q

What are the functions of lipids? (7)

A 
Digestion
Insulation 
Food storage
Chemical signalling (hormones)
Structural
Fat-soluble vitamins
Protective coating (to repel water)
29
Q

What is the main purpose of lipids?

A

Energy storage (long term)

30
Q

Which stores more energy, carbs or lipids?

A

Lipids

31
Q

What are the four types of lipids

A

Fats (triglycerides)
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes

32
Q

What is a triglyceride made up of?

A

A glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains

33
Q

What bond bonds triglycerides?

A

Ester linkage

34
Q

What functional group do fatty acids have?

A

Carboxylic group (C = O and an OH attached to the C)

35
Q

What are the characteristics of saturated fats?(4)

A

Single covalent bonds only
Found in animals
Solid at room temp
Tightly packed

36
Q

Molecules containing carbon can usually be classed as what kind of compound?

A

Organic compound

37
Q

What are the characteristics of unsaturated fats? (4)

A

Have some double bonds amongst the single bonds
Have a chink in the chain (from double bonds)
Liquid at room temp
Found in plants

38
Q

Phospholipids are made up of?

A

Polar phosphate head

2 non polar fatty acid tails

39
Q

What is the structure of steroids?

A

4 carbon ring

40
Q

Cholesterol is what kind of lipid?

A

Steroid

41
Q

What is the structure of waxes?

A

Long chain fatty acids linked to alcohol or carbon rings

42
Q

What is cutin? And what is it an example of?

A

Wax to form waTer resistant coating on leaves

Example of a wax (lipids)

43
Q

What are the functions of proteins? (7)

A 
Structural support
Enzymatic functions
Defence against foreign substances
Transport molecules
Storage
Movement
Regulating cellular processes
44
Q

What is proteins monomer?

A

Amino acids

45
Q

What are the functional groups on amino acids? (2)

A

An amino group and a carboxyl group

46
Q

What are the structural components of an amino acid? (4)

A

Amino group, side chain (R), hydrogen, carboxyl group, all attached to alpha carbon

47
Q

How many R groups are there?

A

20

48
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

49
Q

How many amino acids are essential?

A

8

50
Q

What are polymers of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptide

51
Q

What bond holds together amino acids?

A

Peptide bond

52
Q

What bond hold together a secondary protein?

A

Hydrogen bonds

53
Q

What bonds hold together tertiary proteins?

A

Disulphide bridges

54
Q

What can denature a protein? (4)

A

Changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, and harmful chemicals

55
Q

What are the two nucleic acids?

A

RNA and DNA

56
Q

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotide

57
Q

What are the structural components of a nucleotide? (3)

A

Nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group

58
Q

What are the elements making up nucleotides?

A

O, C, N, H, P

59
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases in nucleotides?

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

60
Q

What nitrogenous bases pair together?

A

A and T

C and G

61
Q

In RNA what replaces thymine?

A

Uracil

62
Q

What bases are pyrimidines and how many rings do they have?

A

Thymine and cytosine

One ring

63
Q

What bases are purines and how many rings do they have?

A

Adenine and guanine

Two rings

64
Q

ATP is a monomer, what monomer is it?

A

A nucleotide

65
Q

How many strands do DNA have?

A

2

66
Q

How many strands do RNA have?

A

1

67
Q

What are the three type of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

68
Q

What are the three points of cell theory?

A

1) all living things are composed of cells
2) they are the basic units of life
3) all cells come from pre-existing cells

Biology 1/2 (2 decks)

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