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Clinical Chemistry 1 > UNIT 1 - Basic Principle and Practices > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - Basic Principle and Practices Flashcards

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1
Q

Which test profile includes analytes such as albumin, total protein, and liver enzymes?

A

Hepatic Panel

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2
Q

What term refers to substances like ions, metabolites, therapeutic drugs, and proteins measured in clinical chemistry?

A

Analytes

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3
Q

Which test profile measures total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides?

A

Lipid Profile

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4
Q

What term describes the range used to compare test results in clinical chemistry?

A

Reference Interval

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5
Q

What unit system is adopted internationally and preferred in scientific literature and clinical laboratories?

A

System International Units (SI)

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6
Q

What term refers to traditional measurement units used in clinical chemistry?

A

Conventional Units

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7
Q

What is the term for the specific value used to make clinical decisions based on test results?

A

Medical Decision Level (MDL)

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8
Q

What test measures blood glucose levels after fasting to assess diabetes risk?

A

Fasting Plasma Glucose

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9
Q

What fasting plasma glucose range indicates an increased risk of diabetes mellitus?

A

Impaired Fasting Glucose

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10
Q

2 components of a quantitative laboratory result:

A
  • Actual value
  • Unit of expression
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11
Q

Enumerate the Seven Basic SI Units

A

Length - Meter m

Mass - Kilogram Kg

Time - Second S

Electric Current - Ampere A

Thermodynamic Temperature - Kelvin K

Amount of substance - Mole mol

Luminous intensity - Can cd

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12
Q

Selected Derived Units

A

Frequency - Hertz Hz

Force - Newton N

Celsius temperature - Degree Celsius °C

Catalytic activity - Katal kat

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13
Q

What category includes analytes such as albumin and ferritin?

A

Proteins

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14
Q

What category includes analytes like LDL and HDL cholesterol?

A

Lipoproteins

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15
Q

What analyte is used to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetes management?

A

Diabetes Marker

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16
Q

What term refers to the amount of a substance measured in moles or mass such as mg/dL or g/L?

A

Substance Concentration

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17
Q

What grade of chemical is suitable for trace metal analysis and preparation of standard solutions?

A

Analytic Reagent Grade (AR)

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18
Q

Which grade of chemical is used in chromatography and molecular diagnostics?

A

Ultrapure Reagent

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19
Q

What term describes chemicals not recommended for research due to inconsistent purity?

A

Chemically Pure (CP)

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20
Q

What type of chemical grade should never be used in a clinical laboratory?

A

Technical/Commercial Grade

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21
Q

What document provides information on the physical properties, handling, and safety of chemicals?

A

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

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22
Q

What term refers to a solution with a known concentration used for calibrating instruments?

A

Standard Solution

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23
Q

What type of standard is a highly purified chemical used to produce exact known concentrations?

A

Primary Standard

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24
Q

What term describes a substance with lower purity, calibrated by comparison to a primary standard?

A

Secondary Standard

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25
Q

What example of a standard solution is used to measure glucose levels in blood?

A

Glucose Standard

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26
Q

What organizations provide guidelines for chemical selection and reagent preparation in laboratories?

A

o College of American Pathologists (CAP)
o Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

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27
Q

Which organization, formerly known as NCCLS, provides laboratory standards and guidelines?

A

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

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28
Q

What type of reagent grade water is used for sensitive procedures like HPLC and trace metal studies?

A

Type I Water

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29
Q

What type of reagent grade water is used for hematology and microbiology?

A

Type II Water

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30
Q

What type of reagent grade water is used for general purposes such as glassware washing and urinalysis?

A

Type III Water

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31
Q

Type 1 water must have a resistivity of

A

10 megaohms

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32
Q

What method of water purification uses heat to produce distilled water by evaporating and condensing?

A

Distillation

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33
Q

What water purification method uses high pressure to remove unwanted substances through a semipermeable membrane?

A

Reverse Osmosis

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34
Q

What water purification method uses ion resin to exchange ions and produce deionized water?

A

Deionization

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35
Q

What type of glass is commonly used for its high thermal resistance and low alkali content?

A

Borosilicate Glass

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36
Q

What type of glass is six times stronger than borosilicate and chemically strengthened?

A

Corex Glass

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37
Q

What type of glass is resistant to acids and alkalis?

A

Vycor Glass

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38
Q

What type of glass is used for light-sensitive analytes like bilirubin and has high thermal resistance?

A

Low Actinic Glass

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39
Q

What type of glass, made from soda-lime, has poor resistance to high temperatures?

A

Standard Flint Glass

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40
Q

What type of plasticware is chemically resistant, flexible or rigid, and can withstand temperatures down to -190°C?

A

Polypropylene

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41
Q

What material is used for test tubes, bottles, and disposable transfer pipets?

A

Polyethylene

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42
Q

What material is used for centrifugation tubes and graduated cylinders, and can withstand temperatures from -100°C to +160°C?

A

Polycarbonate

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43
Q

What material is used for capped graduated tubes and test tubes but is not resistant to hydrocarbons, ketones, and alcohols?

A

Polystyrene

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44
Q

What material is used for stirring bars, tubing, and cryogenic vials, and can withstand temperatures from -270°C to +255°C?

A

Teflon

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45
Q

What type of laboratory glassware is used for precise volume measurements?

A

Volumetric Flask

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46
Q

What type of laboratory glassware is used for mixing and heating substances?

A

Erlenmeyer Flask

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47
Q

What type of laboratory glassware is used for general liquid handling and mixing?

A

Griffin Beaker

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48
Q

What type of laboratory glassware is used for measuring liquid volumes with accuracy?

A

Graduated Cylinder

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49
Q

What type of pipet retains the necessary volume but does not deliver the exact amount due to fluid adherence?

A

To Contain (TC)

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50
Q

What type of pipet is designed to deliver the exact volume of liquid, with any remaining liquid needing to be blown out?

A

To Deliver (TD)

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51
Q

What type of pipet features continuous etch rings and requires expulsion of the last drop into the receiving vessel?

A

Blowout Pipet

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52
Q

What type of pipet drains by gravity and has no etch rings or markings?

A

Self Draining Pipet

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53
Q

What type of graduated pipet is self-draining and does not have graduation marks to the tip?

A

Mohr Pipet

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54
Q

What type of pipet is blowout, has graduation marks to the tip, and is used for precise liquid measurements?

A

Serologic Pipet

55
Q

What type of pipet holds less than 1 ml and can be either Mohr or Serologic?

A

Micropipet

56
Q

Folin Pipet-What type of transfer pipet has a bulb-like enlargement near the tip and is used for viscous fluids?

A

Oswald

57
Q

What type of transfer pipet has a bulb enlargement in the stem and is used for precise aqueous solution measurements?

A

Volumetric Pipet

58
Q

What type of transfer pipet may or may not have calibration marks and is used for transferring solutions without a specific volume?

A

Pasteur Pipet

59
Q

What type of pipet is associated with only one specific volume?

A

Fixed Volume Pipet

60
Q

What type of pipet allows the selection of different volumes?

A

Variable Volume Pipet

61
Q

What type of pipet can attach multiple tips to a single handle for simultaneous dispensing?

A

Multichannel Pipet

62
Q

What type of pipet mechanism uses air pressure to draw and dispense liquids?

A

Displacement Pipet

63
Q

Displacement Pipet-What type of pipet mechanism uses a piston to directly dispense liquids?

A

Positive

64
Q

What laboratory device is used to transfer a reservoir of liquid to a common dispenser?

A

Dispenser

65
Q

What process uses centrifugal force to separate solid matter from a liquid suspension?

A

Centrifugation

66
Q

What type of centrifuge holds tubes in a vertical position when stationary but horizontal when in motion?

A

Horizontal Head Centrifuge

67
Q

Head Centrifuge-What type of centrifuge holds tubes at a fixed angle during centrifugation?

A

Angle

68
Q

What type of centrifuge generates the highest speed and is used for lipoprotein analysis?

A

Ultracentrifuge

69
Q

What type of sample includes both plasma and cellular components?

A

Whole Blood

70
Q

What type of blood sample is the clear yellow supernate in anticoagulated tubes and contains fibrinogen?

A

Plasma

71
Q

What type of sample is the liquid remaining after blood clotting?

A

Serum

72
Q

What type of sample is used to measure blood gases and pH?

A

Arterial Blood

73
Q

What type of sample is collected over 24 hours to measure creatinine?

A

Urine

74
Q

What type of sample is used to measure CSF protein?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

75
Q

What type of fluids include pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal?

A

Serous Fluids

76
Q

What type of fluid surrounds the fetus in the womb?

A

Amniotic Fluid

77
Q

What phase involves processing samples ideally within 45 minutes to 1 hour for biochemical determinations?

A

Precentrifugation

78
Q

What phase uses centrifugal force to separate the phases of a suspension by density?

A

Centrifugation

79
Q

What phase involves separating serum or plasma from cells immediately after centrifugation?

A

Postcentrifugation

80
Q

What legal document describes how a sample is handled, including receipt, condition, and examination?

A

Sample Custody

81
Q

Conversion factor for Albumin

A

10

82
Q

Conversion factor for Ammonia

A

0.587

83
Q

Conversion factor for Ammonia

A

1.0

84
Q

Conversion factor for Bilirubin

A

17.1

85
Q

Conversion factor for BUN

A

0.357

86
Q

Conversion factor for Calcium

A

0.25

87
Q

Conversion factor for Chloride

A

1.0

88
Q

Conversion factor for Cholesterol

A

0.026

89
Q

Conversion factor for Creatinine

A

88.4

90
Q

Conversion factor for Glucose

A

0.0555

91
Q

Conversion factor for Iron

A

0.179

92
Q

Conversion factor for Potassium

A

1.0

93
Q

Conversion factor for Thyroxine

A

12.9

94
Q

Conversion factor for Magnesium

A

0.5

95
Q

Conversion factor for Sodium

A

1.0

96
Q

Conversion factor for Lithium

A

1.0

97
Q

Conversion factor for Phosphorus

A

0.323

98
Q

Conversion factor for Phospholipid

A

0.01

99
Q

Conversion factor for Total Protein

A

10

100
Q

Conversion factor for Triglyceride

A

0.0113

101
Q

Conversion factor for Uric acid

A

0.0595

102
Q

Conversion factor for pCO2

A

0.133

103
Q

Conversion factor for p02

A

0.133

104
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^-18

A

atto (a)

105
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^-15

A

femto (f)

106
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^-12

A

pico (p)

107
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^-9

A

nano (h)

108
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^-3

A

milli (m)

109
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^-6

A

micro (μ)

110
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^-2

A

centi (c)

111
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^-1

A

deci (d)

112
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^0

A

liter, meter, gram

113
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^1

A

deca (da)

114
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^2

A

Hecto (h)

115
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^3

A

Kilo (k)

116
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^4

A

Mega (m)

117
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^9

A

Giga (G)

118
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^12

A

Tera (T)

119
Q

Prefix and symbol for 10^15

A

Peta (P)

120
Q

10^18

A

Exa (E)

121
Q
  • Solution containing known concentration of a particular chemical or analyte
  • Used to calibrate instruments used for colorimetric, electrochemical, turbidimetric & other analytical measurements
  • Used to calibrate instruments in any analytic procedure
A

STANDARD SOLUTION/ STANDARDS

122
Q

Highly purified chemical that can be measured directly to produce substance of exact known concentration & purity

A

PRIMARY STANDARD

123
Q

Substance of lower purity, with its concentration determined by comparison with primary standard

A

SECONDARY STANDARD

124
Q

certified the use of standard reference materials (SRMs) instead of ACS primary standards

A
  • National Institute of Standards and Testing (NIST)
125
Q

Enumerate the use of water in the clin lab

A
  • To prepare reagents
  • As diluent for controls and standards
  • To flush and clean the internal components of analyzers or of instruments in the Clinical Chemistry laboratory
  • To wash and rinse laboratory glassware (cluster purity)
126
Q

What are the types of reagent grade water (CLSI)

A

o Clinical laboratory reagent water (CLRW)
o Special reagent water (SRW)
o Instrument feed water
o Water supplied by method manufacturer
o Autoclave and wash water
o Commercially bottled purified water

127
Q

Can be of use in place of Type 1 and Type 2 water

A

Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water

128
Q

Variables used for monitoring water purity

A
  • Resistivity
  • Bacterial content
  • pH
  • Silica content
  • Organic contaminants
129
Q

3 phases of centrifugation

A

Pre centrifugation
Centrifugation
Post centrifugation

130
Q

Ideally, all measurements should be performed within

A

45 minutes to 1 hour.

131
Q

Serum or plasma must be stored at

A

4ᵒC to 6ᵒC

132
Q

Enumerate Pleural fluid example test/s:

A
  • Pleural fluid cholesterol
  • Pleural fluid triglycerides
  • Pleural fluid glucose
133
Q

Peritoneal fluid example test/s

A
  • Peritoneal fluid glucose
  • Peritoneal fluid alkaline phosphatase
  • Peritoneal fluid aminase

Clinical Chemistry 1 (5 decks)

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