Unit 1-Area Of Study 1-Chapter3-Energy Transformations Flashcards
Histotoxic Hypoxia
The inability of cells to use any oxygen; caused by inhibition of the cytochrome oxidase enzyme
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction where a water molecule is added
Starch
Complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide), polymer of glucose units; main storage carbohydrate in many plant cells
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates made of many monosaccharide units
Glycogen
A polysaccharide that is the storage carbohydrate in liver and muscle tissue
Heterotrophs
Organism that ingests or absorbs food in the form of organic material from their environment; also known as a consumer
Autotrophs
Organisms that, given a source of energy, can produce their own food from simple inorganic substances; also known as producers
Holoparasites
Form of parasitism in which a plant parasite depends completely on its host for nutrients and water
Hemiparasitism
Form of parasitism in which a plant parasite obtains some nutrients and water from
Accessory Pigments
Pigments, other than chlorophyll, that trap light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll
Deciduous
Trees or plants that lose their leaves seasonally
Chemical energy
Potential energy stored in substances that becomes available when certain types of chemical reactions occur
Oxygenic
(Oxygen-producing) the type of
photosynthesis carried out by plants and algae
Chemosynthesis
Autotrophic bacteria that use energy from chemical reactions to synthesise organic matter from inorganic substances
Mid Ocean Ridges
Series of ridges and mounts located on the ocean floor
Hydrothermal Vents
Regions at the ocean depths where mineral-laden superheated water escapes from the Earth’s crust, typically through a ‘chimney’ composed of precipitated mineral deposits
Aerobic Respiration
The breakdown of glucose to simple inorganic compounds in the presence of oxygen and with release of energy that is transferred to ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that occurs without
the involvement of oxygen; the end products of anaerobic respiration in human muscle are lactic acid and carbon dioxide
Fermentation
Process of anaerobic respiration in yeasts that results in alcohol formation
Glycolysis
A process that does not require oxygen where glucose is broken down to pyruvate
Kreb’s Cycle
Second stage of aerobic respiration,
occurring mainly in mitochondria, in which pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide
Electronic Transport Chain
Third stage of aerobic
respiration in which electrons are transferred along a series of compounds known as cytochromes to be finally accepted by oxygen; energy released during this process results in the major yield
of ATP
Positron Emission Tomography(PET)
Non-invasive technique that provides images of metabolic activity of tissues
Facultative Anaerobes
Organism that can live regardless of whether oxygen is present or not
Obligate Anaerobes
Microbe that lives only in anoxic conditions to which oxygen is toxic
Alcoholic Fermentation
Anaerobic respiration in yeasts alleles: the different forms of a particular gene
