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biology > unit 1 AOS 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 AOS 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the cell theory?

A
  1. all organisms are composed of cells
  2. the cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in organisms
  3. all cells come from ore existing cells
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2
Q

All living things share the following attributes, remembered through the acronym MRS GREND - what is it?

A

M - movement

R - respiration

S - sensitivity to stimuli

G - growth

R - reproduction

E - excretion of wastes

N - nutrition

D - DNA

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3
Q

what are prokaryotic cells?

A

cells that have no membrane bound organelles

often bacterial cells and archaea

they are small in size (1-5um)

unicellular

reproduces by binary fission

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4
Q

what are eukaryotic cells?

A

cells that have membrane bound organelles

plant and animal cells

they are large in size (10-100um)

multicellular

undergoes mitosis / meiosis to make new cells

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5
Q

the cells of organisms need what?

A

oxygen and nutrients so that cellular processes such as growth, repair and reproduction can occur

to remove wastes products from their internal environment to prevent a build up of dangerous substances such as carbon dioxide

to maintain the conditions in the internal envrionemnt. e.g. pH and temprature

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6
Q

why are cells small?

A

cells are small so that oxygen can diffuse in easily and quickly, and get rid of waste such as carbon dioxide more efficiently

the larger the cell, the longer it takes for substances to diffuse in and out the cell

SA:V limits the size of a cell

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7
Q

the greater the SA:V…?

A

the more efficient the cell is

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8
Q

what are three ways to increase surface area to volume ratio

A

the cell being small in size can increase SA:V

Long, thin cells have a large SA:V ratio

folding of the plasma membrane can increase SA:V ratio

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9
Q

relationship between surafce area to volume

A

The more surface area that is available per unit volume, the more exchange that can occur, which increases the cells exchange of survival

The small cube has a higher sa:v, meaning that materials can enter and exit out easily, however a larger cube has a smaller SA:V, meaning that materials can not enter or exit out the cube easily

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10
Q

how to calculate the surface area, volume, and surface area to volume ratio of a cube?

A

Surface area of cube: width x length x 6 - squared cm2

Volume of the cube: width x length x height - cubed cm3

Surface area to volume ratio: surface area divide by volume

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11
Q

what is high surface area

A

small unicellualr organisms have a high surface area, where materials can be moved directly into and out of the cell.

smaller objects have a larger SA:V

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12
Q

what is low surface area?

A

The exchange of materials wouldn’t happen fast enough for the living organism to live

larger objects have smaller SA:V

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13
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

Both animal and plant cells

Forms the boundary between the cell and the extracellular environment

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of a cell

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14
Q

mitochondria

A

Both in animal and plant cells

The site of cellular respiration (the production of ATP)

Makes energy for the cell
The energy molecule

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14
Q

nucleus

A

Both in animal and plant
cells

Contains most of the cells genetic material, which regulates all the activity of the cell

DNA never leaves the nuclease

Stores DNA

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14
Q

ribosomes

A

Both animal and plant cells

Synthesis of polypeptides (poly=many, peptides=proteins)

Make protein

15
Q

nucleolus

A

Both in animal and plant cells

Synthesis of ribosomal RNA (acid)

Assembly of ribosomal subunits

Depending on the organism there may be more than one nucleolus

Synthesises the parts that make up ribosomes

16
Q

difference between nucleus and nucleolus

A

The nucleus is larger and a membrane bound organelle that stores the DNA and regulates all activity of the cell, whereas the nucleolus doesn’t not have a membrane bound organelle and it synthesizes the parts that make up the ribosomes

16
Q

what does hydrophilic mean

A

attracted to water

17
Q

chloroplast

A

Only found in plant cells

The site of photosynthesis (How plants make their own food)

Contain some DNA

contain green pigment (chlorophyll)

17
Q

what does hydrophobic mean

A

dislikes water

does not dissolve in water

e.g. oil

18
Q

all cells consist of which three components

A
  1. a cell membrane - controls what enters and exist the cell
  2. nuclear material - the instructions for all processes and structures made by the genetic material, usually dna
  3. cytosol/cytoplasm - the fluid environment within the cell
19
Q

why do cells not have a fixed shape

A

their outer. boundary is their flexible plasma membrane so as these cells move their shape changes

cells have different shapes in order to meet their functions

20
Q

for life to survive in a place there a set of condiitons that need to be met

A

energy source

liquid water

building blocks to make necessary molecules

stable environment

21
Q

as the volume of a cube increases….
?

A

the metabolic needs of the cell increase

these needs can only be met by an increase in impits and outputs of materials acriss the plama membrane

22
Q

golgi apparatus

A

both animal and plant cells

package and export of substances out of a cell

modification of proteins and lipids that are received from the ER

transport of materials through the vesicle around the cell

23
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

both animal and plant cells

transport of proteins through the cell

synthesis, folding and modification of proteins

ribosomes are present on the external surface - thats why its rough

24
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

both animal and plant cells

synthesis of lipids, including oils, phospholipids, and steroids

carbohydrate metabolism

transport of materials through the cell

25
Q

lysosome

A

animal cells

intracellular digestion of macromolecules (fats, proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids)

recycling of cellular components (autophagy)

low internal pH maintained by H+ pump in the lysosomal membrane

26
Q

cytoskeleton

A

both animal and plant cells

shape and mechanical support for the cell

regulation of cellular activities for example guiding secretary vesicles

important in animal cells
involved in cell movement (motility)

27
Q

centriole

A

involved in organising microtubule assembly (spindle formation) but not essential as they are absent from the cells of higher plants

part of cytoskeleton

role in cell division

28
Q

vacuole

A

both animal and plant cells
(only central vacuole present in plant cells)

provides cell volume and stores inorganic ions and metabolic wastes

waste disposal

storage of nutrients and mineral salts

29
Q

cell wall

A

only present in plant cells

made of cellulose (sugar)

protect the cell

maintains cell shape

prevent excessive water uptake

30
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

A model proposing that the plasma membrane and other intracellular membranes should be considered as two dimensional fluids in which proteins are embedded.

31
Q

What two major components does the plasma membrane have?

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer (two layers)
    - They are organised so that hydrophobic tails face each other, creating a region that is hydrophobic.
  2. Proteins
    - They are embedded within the bilayer, giving the membrane a mosaic (pattern) appearance. proteins are able to move within the bilayer.
32
Q

What is hydrophilic, with reference to the phospholipid bilayer.

A

Hydrophilic refers to substances tat dissolve easily in water also called polar

Phosphate head is hydrophilic - water loving

33
Q

What is hydrophobic, with reference to the phospholipid bilayer.

A

Hydrophobic refers to the substances the tend to be insoluble in water (non-polar)

The fatty acid tails is hydrophobic - fear of water

34
Q
A

biology (4 decks)

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