Unit 1 and 9 Flashcards
The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
Industrial Organization Psychology (I/O)
The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
Psychometric
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
natural selection
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
socio-culture psychology
the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
personality psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.
humanistic psychology
people who appyl psychological principles in legal issues
forensic psychologist
the different complementary views, from biological to psychological to socio-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
levels of analysis
the science of behavior and mental processes
PSYCHOLOGY
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
structuralism
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
nature vs nurture issue
A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
human factors pyschology
A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
psychodynamic psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another
social psychology
a school of psychology that focuses on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
functionalism
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
psychiatry
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cognitive psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
behavioral psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities survive
positive psychology
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, language)
cognitive neuroscience
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
experimental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies who people interact with their social environment and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies psychical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
developmental psychology
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
biopsychological psychology
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
basic research
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
clinical psychology
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
empiricism
the study that roots behavior and mental processes affect and can enhance using principles of natural selection
evolutionary psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being (school, work, or marriage)
counselling psychology
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
educational psychology
a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
biological psychology
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information
testing effect
the view that psychology (1)should be an objective science that studies (2) behavior without reference to mental processes. most agree with 1 but not 2
behaviorism
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
applied research
numerical data that allow one to generate- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population
sampling bias
a technique for ascertaining, the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
survey
a compared measure of how much vary around rhe mean score
standard deviation
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
theory
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
random assignment
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in distribution
range
the middle scare in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
median
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
naturalistic observation
a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer than the extremes
normal curve
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
replication
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. the resulting difference between 2 groups is not due to chance if p value is less than 0.05
statistical significant
a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables. for example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
operational definition
effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
placebo
all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn
population
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
validity
the most frequently occurring scores in a distribution
mode
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
random sample
the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
mean
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the value of 2 variables
scatterplot
a statistical measure of the strength of the relationship between the relative movements of two variables (from -1—+1)
correlation coefficient
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
hypothesis
a experimental process where both the participants and the research staff are unaware of who received a placebo and the treatment
double blind procedure
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
critical thinking
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participates
informed consent
the experimental factor that is manipulated
independent variable
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
cultures
the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants, mandatory by APA ethical standard
debriefing
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; includes measures of central tendency and measure of variation
descriptive variation
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hopes of revealing universal principles
case study
a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
inferential statistics
the outcome factor
dependent variable
the group not exposed to the experiment
control group
a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
skewed distribution
a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
histogram
the perception of a relationship where none exist
illusory correlation
a confounding variable that influences both the independent and the dependent variables
third variable
the tendency to believe that after learning an outcome , one would have been able to see it for what it was (I knew it all along)
hindsight bias
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
confounding variable
the group that is exposed to the treatment in a experiment
the experimental group
a measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
correlation
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effects
experiment
