"Unit 1" (9a and 9b)

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

group of individuals, same species living in the same location

Question 2

Gene pool

Answer 2

total number of alleles within a particular population

Question 3

genetic diversity of a population

Answer 3

the amount of genetic variation that exists between individuals

Question 4

gene pool of a population is influenced and maintained by…

Answer 4

number of naturally occurring mechanisms, including mutations, genetic drift, gene flow and natural selection

Question 5

why is genetic diversity important

Answer 5

important for species longevity: guarding against environmental threats (diseases or predators)

Question 6

why is the larger the gene pool better

Answer 6

bc the greater that population’s resilience to environmental change.

Question 7

Sexual reproduction

Answer 7

fusion of 2 distinct haploid gametes to produce a single diploid zygote composed of two sets of chromosomes.

Question 8

Reproductive strategies

Answer 8

adaptations to reproduction that improve the success of survival of a species

Question 9

Fertilisation

Answer 9

process, two gametes (such as sperm and egg cells) fuse and form a zygote.

Question 10

Zygote

Answer 10

diploid cell formed by the combination of two haploid gamete cells.

Question 11

Angiosperms

Answer 11

flowering plants with stems, roots and leaves

Question 12

Pollination

Answer 12

form of sexual reproduction in plants that involves the fusion of pollen (male gamete) and ovule (female gamete) and leads to the production of seeds.

Question 13

does sexual reproduction occur mostly in prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells

Answer 13

eukaryotes

Question 14

how do flowering plants (angiosperms) reproduce

Answer 14

pollination

Question 15

when does pollination occur

Answer 15

occurs when pollen (male gamete) is collected by the stigma (sticky knob at the top of the pistil) of the flower and fuses with the ovule (female gamete)

Question 16

2 types of pollinators

Answer 16

• Biotic
• Abiotic

Question 17

Biotic

Answer 17

Living organisms (insects or birds) are drawn to brightly colored petals, tempting scents, and nutrient-rich nectar.

Question 18

Abiotic

Answer 18

non-living methods (wind or water)

Question 19

Asexual reproduction

Answer 19

producing offspring without the fusion of gametes

Question 20

Spores

Answer 20

small haploid units used as a means of asexual reproduction in sporogenesis

Question 21

(asexual reproduction)
the offspring or daughter cells are clones of…

Answer 21

each other and of the parent

Question 22

Types of asexual reproduction and most common one and rarest one

Answer 22

• Binary fission
• Budding
• Fragmentation
• Vegetative propagation
• Sporogenesis
• Parthenogenesis
  most common form = Binary fission
  rarest form = Parthenogenesis

Question 23

where does Binary fission occur

Answer 23

• occurs most commonly in simple prokaryotic organisms (eg: bacteria)

Question 24

where does Budding occur

Answer 24

• occurs in simple eukaryotes (eg: yeast, sponges, jellyfish, coral and worms)

Question 25

where does Fragmentation occur

Answer 25

• occurs in simple eukaryotes (worms, sea stars and many species of plants)

Question 26

Binary fission process

Answer 26

one cell simply dividing into two

Question 27

Budding

Answer 27

new bud forms due to rapid cell growth, eventually detaching from the parent organism to become a separate entity
(new organism will have identical DNA to the original organism)

Question 28

Fragmentation process

Answer 28

a parent organism breaks into pieces (intentionally or accidentally), and each piece grows into a new organism identical to the original

Question 29

Vegetative propagation process

Answer 29

a vegetative section of the plant (root or leaf, breaks off) and grows into a new plant on its own.
(allows a plant to reproduce without the need for seeds)

Question 30

‘cutting’

Answer 30

breakaway section

Question 31

where does Vegetative propagation occur

Answer 31

in plants that can reproduce without the need for seeds

Question 32

where does Sporogenesis occur

Answer 32

in fungi, algae, moulds and many plants.

Question 33

Sporogenesis process

Answer 33

Spores form on the organism’s surface and are dispersed into the environment by water or air.

Question 34

Parthenogenesis processes

Answer 34

an embryo can develop from a female gamete alone, without the need for a male gamete to fertilise it

Question 35

clone

Answer 35

genetically identical organism or section of DNA.

Question 36

Reproductive cloning technologies

Answer 36

artificially induced human interventions to produce genetically identical clones

Question 37

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

Answer 37

transference of a somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated egg cell

Question 38

Enucleated

Answer 38

cell that has had its nucleus removed or destroyed

Question 39

Embryo splitting

Answer 39

division of an early embryo into several individual embryos

Question 40

in-vitro fertilisation (IVF)

Answer 40

fertilisation of an egg outside of the body

Question 41

2 Reproductive cloning technologies in animals

Answer 41

• Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
• Embryo splitting

Question 42

Somatic cell nuclear transfer process

Answer 42

offspring produced is genetically identical to the donated somatic cell as they both contain the same nucleus and genetic material

Question 43

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) involves two different cells which are

Answer 43

a donated egg cell and a donated somatic cell from another animal

Question 44

first stage of SCNT

Answer 44

Enucleation
- removal or destruction of nucleus from the donated egg cell to produce an enucleated egg cell

Question 45

second stage of SCNT

Answer 45

Extraction
- donated somatic cell’s nucleus is extracted

Question 46

third stage of SCNT

Answer 46

Insertion
- somatic cell’s nucleus is inserted into enucleated egg cell

Question 47

forth stage of SCNT

Answer 47

Development
- after insertion, the cell divides and develops into an embryo, which is then implemented not a surrogate for pregnancy to proceed normally

Question 48

when is SCNT used

Answer 48

to clone a variety of living and recently deceased animals (eg: sheep, dogs and monkeys)

Question 49

3 main complications surrounding the use of SCNT

Answer 49

• Human cloning (Cloning often fails, leading to miscarriages or unhealthy offspring with shorter lives)
• Animal suffering ( banned in countries, like Aus, due to concerns about destroying eggs and embryos and unethical egg sourcing)
• Premature aging (Dolly, cloned sheep, lived only 6 yrs, much shorter than usual. Scientists believe clones may age faster due to shortened telomeres)

Question 50

first stage of embryo splitting

Answer 50

Egg and sperm cells are chosen and fertilised in a lab

Question 51

second stage of embryo splitting

Answer 51

Early embryo is split. Ideally this occurs when the cluster of cells is between 6 - 8 cells, as at this stage the cells are still totipotent (capable of developing into viable embryos).

Question 52

third stage of embryo splitting

Answer 52

Split embryos are implanted into surrogates to finish development

Question 53

fourth stage of embryo splitting

Answer 53

Each individual produced is genetically identical to the original embryo.

Question 54

3 main complications surrounding the use of embryo splitting

Answer 54

• Alteration of embryos (Some support embryo alteration while others view embryos as sacred and oppose any alteration)
• Genetic diversity (
  Cloning leads to less genetic diversity, making populations more vulnerable to diseases and environmental changes)
• Research animals (
  Mass cloning of animals could treat them like products, leading to more abuse. Using smarter animals in research might stress them more)

Question 55

Plant tissue culturing

Answer 55

cloning of plant cells on a nutrient culture medium in a controlled environment

Question 56

Callus

Answer 56

mass of plants cells

Question 57

Plant cutting

Answer 57

growth of plants using a fragment of the original plant (obtained by cutting off a fragment of a plant such as a leaf, stem or root)

Question 58

Plant grafting

Answer 58

attachment of two individual plant stems together (attaching the stem of one plant (the scion) to the stem of another plant with an already developed root system (the rootstock))

Question 59

Scion

Answer 59

upper stem of a plant used in grafting.

Question 60

Rootstock

Answer 60

lower stem of a plant with a well-developed root system

Question 61

process of Plant tissue culturing

Answer 61

• Plant cells from leaves, shoots, or stems are grown in a sterile environment with controlled lighting, temperature, hormones, and nutrients
• tissue culture develops, a callus begins to form
• callus can be split into different cultures and grown into exact copies of the original plant

Question 62

process of plant cuttings

Answer 62

• plant cutting can be planted in soil or water
• Under correct conditions, cutting will grow producing a clone of original plant

Question 63

process of Plant grafting

Answer 63

• Eventually, the two sections of the individual plants will grow and fuse together.
• produces a clone of the plant from which the scion was taken.

Question 64

what are ‘old cloning techniques’

Answer 64

cutting and grafting