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GEO 1403 > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Quartz

A

Si - Silicon
O - Oxygen
Chemical composition - Si04

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2
Q

Mineral

A 
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Crystalline solid
Narrowly defines chemical composition
Characteristic physical properties
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3
Q

Crystalline solid

A

Atoms within mineral have a fixed 3D arrangement that don’t move.

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4
Q

Chemical Bonding

A

Ionic
Covalent
Metallic
Van der Waals

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5
Q

Ionic Bonding

A

Electrons are either lost or gained and becomes an ion
Positive ions = Cations
Negative ions = Anions
ex. Halite

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6
Q

Halite

A

Na - Sodium
Cl - Chlorine
Ionic Bonding

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7
Q

Covalent Bonding

A 
Atoms share electrons
ex. Quartz, Diamond
Most common for rocks and minerals
Stronger bond
Uses less energy
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8
Q

Diamond

A

C6 - Carbon

Covalent bonding

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9
Q

Metallic bonding

A

Electrons are free to migrate among atoms.
Gives metals properties of being conductive to heat and electricity and malleable.
ex. Gold, Aluminum. Brass, Copper, steel, cast iron.
Weaker and much less common.
Will only bond with other like metals.

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10
Q

Van der Waals bond

A

Weak attractive force between electrically neutral atoms.
Only seen in graphite.
Carbon atoms are bonded together covalently.
Make rings that bond into a whole sheet of carbon that is electrically neutral.
Weakly attracted to another sheet of carbon.
When writing with a pencil, van der Waal bonds are broken.

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11
Q

Difference between Graphite and Diamond

A

Different chemical structures.
Carbon - Sheets of carbon weakly linked together
Diamond - Each carbon atom is bonded to another 4 carbon atoms. Makes a pyramid shape.

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12
Q

Isotopes

A

Variation in the number of neutrons in an atom

If isotopes want to revert back to their original state of equal protons and neutrons they go through radioactive decay

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13
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

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14
Q

Atomic weight

A

Number of neutrons + protons

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15
Q

Radioactive Decay

A

spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus resulting in the release of energy and matter from the nucleus.
Can be used to date minerals and rocks.
Smoke detectors, X-rays, Gamma rays to kill bacteria in food, Cancer treatments, Nuclear power plants

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16
Q

Earth’s crust (by weight)

A 
Oxygen - 46.6
Silicon - 27.7
Aluminum - 8.1
Iron - 5
Calcium - 3.6
Sodium - 2.8
Potassium - 2.6
Magnesium - 2.1
Others - 1.5

Oxygen and Silicon alone make up 74%

(O)ld
(Si)lly
(Au)nt
(Fe)y
(Ca)n
(Ne)ver
(K)iss
(M)en
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17
Q

Mineral Classes

A

Silicates

Non-Silicates

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18
Q

Silicates

A

Basic Building block = Si-O Tetrahedron(4 sided pyramid)
1 Silicon atom surrounded by 4 Oxygen Atoms
Si + O = Silica
Some silicates or composed entirely of Silica.
Others contain additional elements such as potassium, magnesium, or iron.
Silicon = + 4
Oxygen = - 2
Silica = - 4
Silica tetrahedron wants to combine with positive ions or share oxygen with other silica tetrahedra

Negatively charged ions: Oxygen, Fluorine, Sulfur, Chlorine
Positively chagred ions: Sodium, Calcium, Aluminum, Potassium, Silicon, Carbon, Magnesium

89% of the crust is silicates

Silicates have a tendency to break along planes of weakness between silicate layers.

Bonds have to fit together based on charges and size.

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19
Q

Dark silicates

A 
Ferromagnesian minerals
Olvine
Amphibole
Pyroxene
Biotite
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20
Q

Ferromagnesian Minerals

A

Minerals are dark in color bc they are rich in iron and magnesium

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21
Q

Light SIlicates

A

non-Ferromagnesian Minerals
Feldspars
Quartz
Muscovite

22
Q

non-Ferromagnesian Minerals

A

Minerals are light in color because they are rich in Silicon, Oxygen, potassium, sodium, and Aluminum

23
Q

Earth’s Crust (By volume)

A 
Plagioclase Feldspars - 39
Potassium Feldspars - 12
Quartz - 12
Pyroxenes - 11
Amphiboles - 5
Micas - 5
Clays - 5
Other silicates - 3
Non silicates - 8
24
Q

Non-silicates

A 
Oxides
Sulfides
Sulfates 
Halides
Carbonates
Native Elements (copper)
25
Q

How minerals form

A

Solidification from cooling melt (ex.magma): Quartz crystals in granite
Precipitation from a solution: Salt from a dry lake bed
Solid state alteration: Metamorphic minerals
Biomineralization: Calcite from sheleld animals
Chemical alteration: Clay mineral from weathered feldspar

26
Q

Gemstone

A

Mineral that has special value

27
Q

Corundum

A

Imperfect versions of rubies and sapphires
Rubies have chromium
Sapphires have titanium

28
Q

Amethyst

A

Quartz with iron that makes it purple

29
Q

Jade

A

Amphibole/pyroxene

30
Q

Importance of minerals

A 
Average car contains:
240 lbs aluminum
50 lbs carbon
42 lbs copper
41 lbs silicon
22 lbs zinc
31+ lbs other minerals
Smartphones
16 g copper
.35 g silver
.034 g gold
.015 g palladium
.00034 platinum
31
Q

Rare Earth Elements

A 
Considered rare because they are found in such small concentrations.
Found in almost everything including:
Catalytic converters
Batteries
Turbines
Protective eyewear
Hybrid vehicles
Steel additives
Computers
Radiation monitoring
32
Q

Mountain Pass

A

2010 China cut off selling US rare metals. Investors decided to spend 1.25 billion $ to re-open this metal and run it in an environmentally friendly way.
China started selling rare metals again and mine was sold off in bankruptcy.

2017, Russian billionaire was going to buy mountain pass but a Chinese lead consortium ended up buying it for 20.5 million $.

33
Q

Geology

A

Science of studying the history, composition, internal structure, and surface features of the Earth

34
Q

Goal of the scientific method

A

Explain the physical universe, make new discoveries, and confirm old ones

35
Q

Hypothesis

A

Proposed explanation based on limited evidence, a starting point for further investigation

36
Q

Theory

A

A well-substantiated explanation for some aspect of the natural world based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed

37
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Modern
Much of the earth is uniform
Can observe processes occurring daily
“The present is the key to the past”

38
Q

Catastrophism

A

Early ideas closely tied to religion

Features formed from catastrophic events

39
Q

Geologic time scale

A

Millions to billions of years

Cenozoic - mesozoic - Paleozoic - Precambrian

40
Q

Earth age

A

4.54 billion years old +/- 50 million years

41
Q

Big Bang theory

A 
14 Billion years ago
Created from an irregularity: infinitely dense and hot core material
Explosion and expansion
Creation of space matter and time
Universe is ever expanding
42
Q

Hubble’s Law

A

Galaxies are receding away from us with a velocty that is proportional to their distance from us
Cosmic background radiation

43
Q

Solar Nebula Theory

A

The evolution of the solar system 4.5 billion years ago came from a rotating cloud of gas that collapsed

44
Q

Solar system

A

Terrestrial planets: Small size and mass, solid surface, closer to the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Jovian planets: Larger size and mass, no solid surface, Farther from sun, rings and many moons: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Asteroid
Comets

45
Q

Earth’s interior

A

Core: Iron & nickel
Mantle: Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium, Iron, Calcium, ALuminum
Crust: 5-90 km thick

Lithosphere: Crust and uppermost mantle
   Solid, brittle, cold
   100km
Asthenosphere: Upper mantle
   Solid, plastically
   250km
Lower mantle: solid, very hot
Outer Core: Liquid
   Creates magnetic field
Inner core: Solid, Hottest
46
Q

8 Major elements that make up 99% of Earth’s mass

A 
Iron 
nickel
Oxygen
Sulfur
Calcium
Magnesium
Silicon
Aluminum
47
Q

Earth’s power sources

A

Heat:
Sun: Nuclear fusion

Earth’s core: Radioactive decay & heat from initial formation of Earth

48
Q

Why doesn’t Texas have earthquakes?

A

We are not on or alongside a fault

49
Q

Continental Drift Hypothesis

A

Alfred Wegner in 1915

Evidence: Fit of continents
Rock sequences & mountain ranges
Glacial deposits & paleoclimates
Fossil Correlation

50
Q

Seamount chains and Fracture zones

A

Discovered in WW2 by Axis powers

Seamount chains: Chains of mountains in the sea
ex. Hawaiin island

Fracture zones: Perpendicular lines that come out from mid-ocean ridge

51
Q

The Triste

A

First submersible created in 1958

Dove into the Marianas trench

52
Q

International Ocean discovery program

A

Runs a research vessel that drills into the seafloor to collect sediments and rocks into a long tube called a core.

GEO 1403 (2 decks)

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