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Human Anatomy And Physiology I > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

Covers Chapters 1-5

1
Q

The study of structure and form

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The study of the function of the body parts

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Scientific Method is a systematic and rigorous process allowing scientists to…?

A

1) Examine natural events (or phenomena) through observation
2) Develop a hypothesis (a possible explanation) for explaining these phenomena
3) Experiment and test the hypothesis through the collection of data
4) Determine if the data supports the hypothesis or if the hypothesis needs to be rejected/modified

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4
Q

Microscopic Anatomy is…?

A

Examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye

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5
Q

Or cellular anatomy; is the study of body cells and their internal structure

A

Cytology

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6
Q

The study of body tissue

A

Histology

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7
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Also called macroscopic anatomy; investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye such as the intestine, stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys.

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8
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Studies the anatomy of each functional body system

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9
Q

Examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit

A

Regional Anatomy

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10
Q

Focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them

A

Surface anatomy

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11
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

Examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

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12
Q

explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation

A

Reproductive physiology

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13
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system

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14
Q

The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within the body

A

Metabolism

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15
Q

Anabolism

A

Small molecules are joined to form larger molecules

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16
Q

Catabolism

A

In which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

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17
Q

Responsiveness

A

Is the ability to detect and react to stimuli

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18
Q

Stimuli

A

Changes in the external or internal environment

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19
Q

An organ is a must be able to adjust internal bodily function in response to environmental changes

A

Regulation

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20
Q

Reproduction

A

All organisms produce new cells for growth maintenance and repair

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21
Q

The simplest level and it involves atoms and molecules

A

Chemical level

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22
Q

Molecule

A

When two or more atoms combine

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23
Q

More complex molecules they include some proteins and the DNA molecules

A

Macromolecules

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24
Q

Organelles

A

Macromolecules that form specialized microscopic subunits in cells

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25
Q

Cells

A

The smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms

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26
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells that perform common functions

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27
Q

Contains two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific complex functions

A

Organ

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28
Q

Organism/organismal level

A

The highest level of structural organization in the body; all body systems function interdependently making up a living person

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29
Q

Supine

A

Lying down face upward

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30
Q

Section

A

Implies an actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy

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31
Q

Plane

A

Implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body

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32
Q

Coronal plane

A

Also called a frontal plane; is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts

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33
Q

Transverse plane

A

Also called a horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane; it divides the body or organ into Superior and inferior parts

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34
Q

Mid-sagittal plane

A

Or median plane is a vertical plane and divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves

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35
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the structure into left and right portions that are not equal

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36
Q

Oblique playing

A

Pass through a structure at an angle

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37
Q

Anterior

A

In front of

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38
Q

Posterior

A

In back of

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39
Q

Proximal

A

Near to the trunk

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40
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the trunk

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41
Q

Axial region

A

Includes the head, neck and trunk; it forms the main vertical axis of the body

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42
Q

Appendicular region

A

Composed of the upper and lower limbs which attach to the axial region

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43
Q

Posterior aspect

A

the posterior aspect of the body is different from the ventral cavity and that the posterior aspect contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity

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44
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Formed by the bones of the cranium also known as endocranium

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45
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Formed by the bones of the vertebral column it houses the spinal cord

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46
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Is the larger anteriorly placed cavity in the body

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47
Q

Parietal layer

A

Typically lines the internal surface of the body wall

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48
Q

Visceral layer

A

Covers the external surface of the organs (viscera) within that cavity

49
Q

Mediastinum

A

The space between the lungs

50
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

In closes the heart with a two layered serous membrane

51
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

The outermost layer of the serous membrane and forms the sac around the heart

52
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Forms the hearts external surface

53
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

The serous cavity between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium and it contains serous fluid

54
Q

parietal Pleura

A

The outer layer of the service membrane and lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall

55
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Covers the external surface of each lung

56
Q

Pleural cavity

A

The serous cavity between these parietal and visceral layers and it contains serous fluid

57
Q

Peritoneum

A

The two layered serous membrane that lines the abdominal pelvic cavity

58
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

The outer layer of the serous membrane; lines the internal walls of the abdominal pelvic cavity

59
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

The inner layer of the serous membrane and it covers the external surfaces of most abdominal and pelvic organs

60
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

The serous cavity between these serous membrane layers and it is lubricated by serous fluid

61
Q

Abdominal pelvic regions include?

A 
Umbilical region
Epigastric region
Hypogastric region
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
62
Q

Hypogastric region

A

Lies inferior to the umbilical region

63
Q

Right and Left lumbar region

A

Lateral to the umbilical region

64
Q

Right and left iliac regions

A

Lateral to the hypogastric region

65
Q

Homeostasis

A

refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or steady state and response to changing internal or external conditions

66
Q

What are the three components that are associated with each homeostatic system

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector

67
Q

Receptor

A

The body structure that detects changes in a variable which is a substance or process that is regulated

68
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the variable a physical or chemical factor such as a change in light temperature chemicals or stretch in muscle

69
Q

Control center

A

Is the structure that both interprets and put from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector

70
Q

Effector

A

Is the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus

71
Q

Response of a homeostatic system occurs through a ________ loop

A

Feedback

72
Q

A feedback loop includes what?

A

A stimulus which is the change in the variable
A receptor that detects the stimulus
The control center which both integrates and put information from the receptor and initiates output to the effectors
The effectors that cause the change or effect
Homeostasis restored as a result of the changes from the effectors

73
Q

Negative feedback

A

Most processes in the body are controlled by negative feedback; the resulting action will always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus

74
Q

Set point

A

Variable maintained within a normal level

75
Q

Positive feedback

A

The stimulus here is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs

76
Q

Diagnosis

A

A specific cause of the homeostatic imbalance

77
Q

Radiography

A

The primary method of obtaining an image of a body part for diagnostic purposes

78
Q

X-rays

A

A form of high energy radiation penetrates solid structures within the body

79
Q

Sonography

A

Also known as an ultrasound produces high frequency ultrasound waves and then receive signal that are reflected from internal organs; the image produced is called a sonogram

80
Q

Computed tomography scan

A

CT scan previously termed a computerized axial tomography scan is a more sophisticated application of x-rays

81
Q

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

Is a modified 3D x-ray technique used primarily to view blood vessels

82
Q

Dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR)

A

provides two important pieces of medical information (1) 3D images of body organs and (2) information about the normal organ movement as well as changes in its internal volume

83
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; was developed as a non-invasive technique to visualize soft tissues

84
Q

Functional MRI

A

Maps brain function based on local oxygen concentration differences in blood flow

85
Q

PET scan

A

Positron emission tomography use both to analyze the metabolic state of a tissue at a given moment in time and to determine which tissues are most active

86
Q

Matter

A

Generally defined as a substance that has mass and occupies space; matter is present in the body in three forms solid liquid and gas

87
Q

How the mass of an atom is expressed

A

Anatomic mass unit

88
Q

Proton

A

Positive charge of one (+1)

89
Q

Neutron

A

Is uncharged/neutral

90
Q

Nucleus

A

The center or core of an atom

91
Q

Electron

A

Has a very small mass; has a negative charge of one (-1)

92
Q

Anatomic number

A

An element indicates the number of protons in an atom of that element and is located above its symbol in the periodic table

93
Q

Anatomic Mass

A

Indicates the mass of both protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus and it reflects the heaviness of an element’s atoms relative to other atoms

94
Q

Number of protons

A

Is the atomic number

95
Q

Number of neutrons

A

Can be determined by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass

96
Q

Number of electrons

A

Determined by the atomic number

97
Q

Isotopes

A

Are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in the number of neutrons

98
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Generally unstable because their nucleic contain an excess number of neutrons

99
Q

Valance shell

A

The periodic table is organized and a columns based on the number of electrons in the outer shell which is referred to as a valence shell

100
Q

Octet rule

A

Adams obtain an outer shell with eight electrons and gain chemical stability through the loss gain or sharing of electrons

101
Q

Chemical compounds

A

Stable associations between two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio

102
Q

Ions

A

Either individual atoms or groups of atoms that have a positive or negative charge

103
Q

Cation

A

Ions that have a positive charge

104
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that when dissolved in water can conduct an electric current

105
Q

Electrolyte imbalance

A

Occurs when the blood concentration of an electrolyte becomes either too high or too low

106
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged ion

107
Q

Polyatomic ion

A

Composed of more than one atom

108
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Positively charged cation a negatively charged anions May bind together by electrostatic interactions

109
Q

Molecule

A

Through sharing of electrons between two atoms result in a covalent bond the resulting structure of the covalently bonded atoms are

110
Q

Molecules composed of two or more different elements are more specifically called

A

Molecular compounds

111
Q

Molecular formula

A

The number and types of atoms composing a molecule

112
Q

Structural formula

A

of a molecule is complementary to its molecular formula and exhibits not only the numbers and types of atoms but also their spacial arrangements within the molecule

113
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules composed of the same number and type of elements but arranged differently in space

114
Q

Covalent bond

A

A bond that is formed when atoms share electrons

115
Q

Single covalent bond

A

One pair of electrons shared between two atoms

116
Q

Double covalent bond

A

The sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms

117
Q

Triple covalent bond

A

Three pairs of electrons are shared between atoms

118
Q

Carbon skeleton

A

Can be thought of as the molecules backbone; it’s the arrangement of carbon atoms

Human Anatomy And Physiology I (1 decks)

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