Unit 1 Flashcards
Covers Chapters 1-5
The study of structure and form
Anatomy
The study of the function of the body parts
Physiology
Scientific Method is a systematic and rigorous process allowing scientists to…?
1) Examine natural events (or phenomena) through observation
2) Develop a hypothesis (a possible explanation) for explaining these phenomena
3) Experiment and test the hypothesis through the collection of data
4) Determine if the data supports the hypothesis or if the hypothesis needs to be rejected/modified
Microscopic Anatomy is…?
Examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye
Or cellular anatomy; is the study of body cells and their internal structure
Cytology
The study of body tissue
Histology
Gross Anatomy
Also called macroscopic anatomy; investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye such as the intestine, stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys.
Systemic Anatomy
Studies the anatomy of each functional body system
Examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit
Regional Anatomy
Focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them
Surface anatomy
Comparative Anatomy
Examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species
explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation
Reproductive physiology
Pathophysiology
Investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system
The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within the body
Metabolism
Anabolism
Small molecules are joined to form larger molecules
Catabolism
In which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
Responsiveness
Is the ability to detect and react to stimuli
Stimuli
Changes in the external or internal environment
An organ is a must be able to adjust internal bodily function in response to environmental changes
Regulation
Reproduction
All organisms produce new cells for growth maintenance and repair
The simplest level and it involves atoms and molecules
Chemical level
Molecule
When two or more atoms combine
More complex molecules they include some proteins and the DNA molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles
Macromolecules that form specialized microscopic subunits in cells
Cells
The smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms
Tissues
Groups of similar cells that perform common functions
Contains two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific complex functions
Organ
Organism/organismal level
The highest level of structural organization in the body; all body systems function interdependently making up a living person
Supine
Lying down face upward
Section
Implies an actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy
Plane
Implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Coronal plane
Also called a frontal plane; is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse plane
Also called a horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane; it divides the body or organ into Superior and inferior parts
Mid-sagittal plane
Or median plane is a vertical plane and divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves
Sagittal plane
Divides the structure into left and right portions that are not equal
Oblique playing
Pass through a structure at an angle
Anterior
In front of
Posterior
In back of
Proximal
Near to the trunk
Distal
Farther from the trunk
Axial region
Includes the head, neck and trunk; it forms the main vertical axis of the body
Appendicular region
Composed of the upper and lower limbs which attach to the axial region
Posterior aspect
the posterior aspect of the body is different from the ventral cavity and that the posterior aspect contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity
Cranial cavity
Formed by the bones of the cranium also known as endocranium
Vertebral canal
Formed by the bones of the vertebral column it houses the spinal cord
Ventral cavity
Is the larger anteriorly placed cavity in the body
Parietal layer
Typically lines the internal surface of the body wall
Visceral layer
Covers the external surface of the organs (viscera) within that cavity
Mediastinum
The space between the lungs
Serous Pericardium
In closes the heart with a two layered serous membrane
Parietal pericardium
The outermost layer of the serous membrane and forms the sac around the heart
Visceral pericardium
Forms the hearts external surface
Pericardial cavity
The serous cavity between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium and it contains serous fluid
parietal Pleura
The outer layer of the service membrane and lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
Visceral pleura
Covers the external surface of each lung
Pleural cavity
The serous cavity between these parietal and visceral layers and it contains serous fluid
Peritoneum
The two layered serous membrane that lines the abdominal pelvic cavity
Parietal peritoneum
The outer layer of the serous membrane; lines the internal walls of the abdominal pelvic cavity
Visceral peritoneum
The inner layer of the serous membrane and it covers the external surfaces of most abdominal and pelvic organs
Peritoneal cavity
The serous cavity between these serous membrane layers and it is lubricated by serous fluid
Abdominal pelvic regions include?
Umbilical region Epigastric region Hypogastric region Right hypochondriac Left hypochondriac
Hypogastric region
Lies inferior to the umbilical region
Right and Left lumbar region
Lateral to the umbilical region
Right and left iliac regions
Lateral to the hypogastric region
Homeostasis
refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or steady state and response to changing internal or external conditions
What are the three components that are associated with each homeostatic system
Receptor
Control center
Effector
Receptor
The body structure that detects changes in a variable which is a substance or process that is regulated
Stimulus
A change in the variable a physical or chemical factor such as a change in light temperature chemicals or stretch in muscle
Control center
Is the structure that both interprets and put from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector
Effector
Is the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus
Response of a homeostatic system occurs through a ________ loop
Feedback
A feedback loop includes what?
A stimulus which is the change in the variable
A receptor that detects the stimulus
The control center which both integrates and put information from the receptor and initiates output to the effectors
The effectors that cause the change or effect
Homeostasis restored as a result of the changes from the effectors
Negative feedback
Most processes in the body are controlled by negative feedback; the resulting action will always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus
Set point
Variable maintained within a normal level
Positive feedback
The stimulus here is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs
Diagnosis
A specific cause of the homeostatic imbalance
Radiography
The primary method of obtaining an image of a body part for diagnostic purposes
X-rays
A form of high energy radiation penetrates solid structures within the body
Sonography
Also known as an ultrasound produces high frequency ultrasound waves and then receive signal that are reflected from internal organs; the image produced is called a sonogram
Computed tomography scan
CT scan previously termed a computerized axial tomography scan is a more sophisticated application of x-rays
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
Is a modified 3D x-ray technique used primarily to view blood vessels
Dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR)
provides two important pieces of medical information (1) 3D images of body organs and (2) information about the normal organ movement as well as changes in its internal volume
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; was developed as a non-invasive technique to visualize soft tissues
Functional MRI
Maps brain function based on local oxygen concentration differences in blood flow
PET scan
Positron emission tomography use both to analyze the metabolic state of a tissue at a given moment in time and to determine which tissues are most active
Matter
Generally defined as a substance that has mass and occupies space; matter is present in the body in three forms solid liquid and gas
How the mass of an atom is expressed
Anatomic mass unit
Proton
Positive charge of one (+1)
Neutron
Is uncharged/neutral
Nucleus
The center or core of an atom
Electron
Has a very small mass; has a negative charge of one (-1)
Anatomic number
An element indicates the number of protons in an atom of that element and is located above its symbol in the periodic table
Anatomic Mass
Indicates the mass of both protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus and it reflects the heaviness of an element’s atoms relative to other atoms
Number of protons
Is the atomic number
Number of neutrons
Can be determined by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass
Number of electrons
Determined by the atomic number
Isotopes
Are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in the number of neutrons
Radioisotopes
Generally unstable because their nucleic contain an excess number of neutrons
Valance shell
The periodic table is organized and a columns based on the number of electrons in the outer shell which is referred to as a valence shell
Octet rule
Adams obtain an outer shell with eight electrons and gain chemical stability through the loss gain or sharing of electrons
Chemical compounds
Stable associations between two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
Ions
Either individual atoms or groups of atoms that have a positive or negative charge
Cation
Ions that have a positive charge
Electrolytes
Substances that when dissolved in water can conduct an electric current
Electrolyte imbalance
Occurs when the blood concentration of an electrolyte becomes either too high or too low
Anions
Negatively charged ion
Polyatomic ion
Composed of more than one atom
Ionic bonds
Positively charged cation a negatively charged anions May bind together by electrostatic interactions
Molecule
Through sharing of electrons between two atoms result in a covalent bond the resulting structure of the covalently bonded atoms are
Molecules composed of two or more different elements are more specifically called
Molecular compounds
Molecular formula
The number and types of atoms composing a molecule
Structural formula
of a molecule is complementary to its molecular formula and exhibits not only the numbers and types of atoms but also their spacial arrangements within the molecule
Isomers
Molecules composed of the same number and type of elements but arranged differently in space
Covalent bond
A bond that is formed when atoms share electrons
Single covalent bond
One pair of electrons shared between two atoms
Double covalent bond
The sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms
Triple covalent bond
Three pairs of electrons are shared between atoms
Carbon skeleton
Can be thought of as the molecules backbone; it’s the arrangement of carbon atoms
