Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
HIPPA
A
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
2
Q
What does HIPPA do -
A
Protects the privacy of individually identifiable health information and sets the standards for the security and sharing of this info
3
Q
Schedule I Controlled Substances -
A
High abuse potential; No accepted medical use
LSD, heroin
4
Q
Schedule II Controlled Substances -
A
high potential for abuse–>severe dependence
dilaudid, Percocet
5
Q
Schedule III controlled substance -
A
Moderate to low potential (low dose hydrocodone codeine)
6
Q
Schedule IV Controlled Substances
A
- Low potential for abuse (diazepam and lorazepam)
7
Q
Schedule V Controlled Substances -
A
Lower than schedule IV (low dose codeine with guaifenesin or promethazine)
8
Q
Absorption -
A
Gets into the bloodstream
9
Q
Metabolism -
A
Chemically changes the drug and form an excrement
10
Q
Excretion -
A
Out of the body
11
Q
Additive -
A
Sum of effects of two drugs
12
Q
Agonists -
A
activate receptors
Produce desired response
13
Q
Antagonist -
A
Prevent receptor activation
Block responses
14
Q
antagonistic -
A
One drug reduces or blocks effect of other drug “1 + 1 = 0”
15
Q
synergistic -
A
Effect of two drugs is much greater than effects of either drug alone
16
Q
autonomy -
A
Right to make decisions
17
Q
Drug metabolism or biotransformation =
A
the process by which the body chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted
18
Q
Beneficence -
A
Do no harm
19
Q
Counterfeit Drug -
A
- may contain incorrect ingredients
- may have insufficient amounts of active ingredients
- may have no active ingredients
- may be distributed in fake packaging
20
Q
Culture -
A
Shared learned beliefs and behaviors by a group, ask patient for preferences (never assume) , communicate with patient
21
Q
Dependent variable -
A
Outcome
22
Q
Brand/trade name -
A
Uppercase and a trademark symbol
23
Q
Bioavailability =
A
refers to the percentage of administered drug available for activity
24
Q
generic name -
A
Lower case (it won’t always be since it is not a universal rule like in our packet!)
25
Core Ethical Principles -
respect for persons
beneficence
justice
Autonomy
26
First-pass effect or first- pass metabolism =
refers to when a drug is metabolized to in inactive form in the liver, thus reducing the amount of active drug available to exert a pharmacological effect
27
Distribution - Highway...
goes where it needs to go (the movement of the drug from circulation to body tissues)
28
Drug toxicity -
Drug level exceeds therapeutic range
29
Ethnomedicine -
Study of ways in which people in different cultures conceptualize health and illness
Traditional healers, priest, herbalist
30
Ethnopharmacology -
Study of ethnic groups and their use of drugs
31
Over-the-counter drugs (OTC) -
Found to be safe and appropriate for use without direct supervision of health-care providers, and available without prescription. In 2002 FDA standardized labeling of OTC’s to include: ingredients, uses, warnings, and instructions.
32
What is Garlic used for -
Used for hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, reduce heart disease, prevent stomach and colon cancer.
33
Garlic side effects -
Side effects may include heartburn, upset stomach, body odor, decreased blood clotting.
34
◦Ginkgo biloba
(improve memory is underlined)
◦Used for asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, tinnitus.
◦Used to improve memory, decrease intermittent claudication.
◦Treats sexual dysfunction, multiple sclerosis.
◦Side effects include headache, dizziness, nausea, GI upset, increase bleeding, allergic reactions.
35
independent variable -
Treatment or drug
36
half-life -
length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
37
Ginger-
used for nausea, motion sickness, diarrhea, relieves pain, swelling, arthritic stiffness
38
Ginger side effects-
gas, bloating, heartburn, nausea
39
Justice -
Be fair
40
Pharmacodynamics =
the study of the effects of drugs on the body
41
Pharmacokinetic phase -
Drug movement throughout the body
42
Pharmacogenomics -
Study of inherited genetic differences affecting individual responses to drugs
43
Duration -
Length of time drug exerts a therapeutic effect. (feel good period)
44
Therapeutic index =
describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of a drug and the toxic dose of a drug (the median)
45
Onset -
Time it takes for drug to reach minimum effective concentration
46
Peak -
Highest concentration in blood
47
Phase 1 of clinical trial -
Small group safe dose
48
Phase II clinical trial -
Larger group for effectiveness
49
Phase III & IV of clinical trial -
Various populations and long term use
50
Protein binding -
- Some drugs are bound to plasma proteins. Drugs bound to these proteins are pharmacologically inactive while bound know what happens if there is low protein or high protein. If its low the drug wont bind and the affects will be quick as opposed to a high protein level, the drug will remain in the blood stream quicker..
51
Tolerance -
Decreased responsiveness to drug overtime
52
What could mess up absorption -
Blood flow, pain, stress, pH, hunger, fasting, temperature, route of administration
53
ADME
A- absorption
D- distribution
M- metabolism
E- Excretion
54
ADME refers to:
Pharmacokinetics which involves the study of how the drug moves through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
55
What do we do for controlled Substance -
Lock it with 2 locks, store it in different places, make sure you have a witness when wasting.
56
1. The nurse in the clinical research setting is knowledgeable about ethical principles and protection of human subjects. What principle is demonstrated by ensuring the patient’s right to self-determination?
a. Beneficence
b. Respect for persons
c. Justice
d. Informed consent
b. Respect for persons
57
2. The research nurse is meeting with a patient and determines, based on the assessment, that the patient meets inclusion criteria for clinical research. The patient agrees to participate in the clinical trial. The nurse advises the patient which member of the health care team has the responsibility to explain the study and respond to questions?
a. Registered nurse
b. Pharmacist
c. Research associate
d. Health care provider
d. Health care provider
58
4. The nurse is interviewing a patient in a Phase I clinical trial. Which patient statement indicates an understanding of this trial phase?
a. I am doing this to be sure this drug is safe.
b. I am doing this to be sure this drug is effective.
c. I hope this drug is better than the current treatment.
d. I can be part of demonstrating a cure.
a. I am doing this to be sure this drug is safe. Chapter 2
59
7. The nurse knows that the patient should be informed about the risks and benefits related to clinical research. What ethical principle does this describe?
a. Respect for persons
b. Justice
c. Beneficence
d. Informed consent
c. Beneficence
60
8. The nurse is reviewing a patient’s list of medications and notes that several have the highest abuse potential. According to US standards, the highest potential for abuse of drugs with accepted medical uses is found in drugs included in which schedule?
a. II
b. III
c. IV
d. V
a. II
61
10. The patient has questions about counterfeit drugs. Which factors alert the patient or nurse that a drug is counterfeit or adulterated? (Select all that apply.)
a. Variations in packaging
b. Unexpected side effects
c. Different taste
d. Different chemical components
e. Different odor
a. Variations in packaging
b. Unexpected side effects
c. Different taste
62
11. The nurse knows the importance of administering the right medication to the patient and that drugs have many names. It is therefore most important that drugs be ordered by which name?
a. Generic
b. Brand
c. Trade
d. Chemical
a. Generic
63
12. What provisions from the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 were designed to remedy drug abuse?
a. The act established treatment and rehabilitation facilities.
b. The act tightened controls on experimental drugs.
c. The act required clinical trial data on drugs. d. The act required drug companies to give information on off-label use of drugs.
a. The act established treatment and rehabilitation facilities.
64
1. Which components of pharmacokinetics does the nurse need to understand before administering a drug? (Select all that apply.)
a. Drugs with a smaller volume of drug distribution have a longer half-life.
b. Oral drugs are dissolved through the process of pinocytosis.
c. Patients with kidney disease may have fewer protein-binding sites and are at risk for drug toxicity.
d. Rapid absorption decreases the bioavailability of the drug.
e. When the drug metabolism rate is decreased, excess drug accumulation can occur, which can cause toxicity.
c. Patients with kidney disease may have fewer protein-binding sites and are at risk for drug toxicity. d. Rapid absorption decreases the bioavailability of the drug.
e. When the drug metabolism rate is decreased, excess drug accumulation can occur, which can cause toxicity.
65
9. A patient asks the nurse about drug interactions with over-the-counter preparations. What is the nurse’s best response?
a. Discuss this with the health care provider.
b. There are not many interactions, so don’t worry about it.
c. Read the labels carefully, and check with your healthcare provider.
d. Avoid over-the-counter preparations.
c. Read the labels carefully, and check with your healthcare provider.
66
6. The nurse is meeting with a community group about medication safety. The nurse must emphasize that patients at high risk for drug interactions include which groups? (Select all that apply.)
a. Older patients
b. Patients with chronic health conditions
c. Patients taking three or more drugs
d. Patients dealing with only one pharmacy
e. Patients covered by private insurance
a. Older patients
b. Patients with chronic health conditions
c. Patients taking three or more drugs
67
2. The nurse will question the health care provider if a drug with a half-life ( t ½) of more than 24 hours is ordered to be given more than how often?
a. Once daily
b. Every other day
c. Twice weekly
d. Once weekly
a. Once daily
