Unit 1 Flashcards
cytoplasm
- contents of cell contained within its plasma membrane, but outside of nucleus in eukaryotes
cytosol (2)
- contents of main compartment of cytoplasm excluding membrane-enclosed organelles, such as ER and mitochondria
- cell fraction remaining after membranes, cytoskeletal components, and organelles have been removed
cell (2)
- basic unit of living organisms
- aqueous solution of chemicals, enclosed by a membrane, and has ability to self replicate
organelle
- discrete structure of eukaryotic cells that are specialized to carry out particular functions
membrane-enclosed organelle
- any organelle in eukaryotic cell surrounded by lipid bilayer
nucleoplasm
- protoplasm completely enclosed in nuclear membrane/envelope
- supports chromosomes and nucleoli
nucleus
- directs cell activities and contains genetic material (chromosomes) made up of DNA
mitochondria
- make energy out of food
ribosomes
- make proteins
Golgi apparatus
- make, process, and package proteins
lysosome
- contains digestive enzymes to help break food down
endoplasmic reticulum (2)
- transports many items around the cell
- “intracellular highway”
vacuole
- storage for usually food or water
chloroplasts
- use sunlight to create food through photosynthesis
cell wall
- support
What organelles are unique to plant cells? (2)
- chloroplasts
- cell wall
lecture cell definition and functions (4)
- membrane-bound unit capable of carrying out essential life processes
- can maintain a stable internal environment with different concentrations of molecules and ions inside and outside of cell
- can assimilate and transform material
- can (not always) reproduce
prokaryote cell characteristics (3)
- no membrane-bound organelles
- no membrane-bound nucleus
- no cytoskeleton
are mitochondria considered to be prokaryotes or eukaryotes in the past?
- prokaryotes as they have many similar features and evidence suggests that cells engulfed them for their own use
light microscopy advantages (4)
- use colour
- use live and whole cells
- can track cells
- cheap and easy to use
disadvantages of light microscopy (2)
- unable to see smaller structures (organelles, ribosomes)
- lower resolution
when to use bright field (3)
- don’t need colour or can use visible dyes
- whole tissues
- cheap and easy
when to use fluorescent (3)
- localization of certain protein
- need to see colour
- tracking proteins or organelles
characteristics of electron microscopy (2)
- higher resolution (limit= 0.2 nanometers)
- images often black and white
SEM advantages and disadvantages (2)
- (+): can view surfaces (3D)
- (-): cells must be dead, complex specimen prep
TEM advantages and disadvantages (2)
- (+): details of cytoplasm can be seen
- (-): cells dead, complex specimen prep, difficult to know 3-D structure
magnification (2)
- expanding something in apparent size
- ratio of size of image to size of object
resolution (2)
- closest spacing of 2 points that can be distinguished as separate entities
- resolution determines how blurry an image is at closer magnifications
indirect stain: immunoflourescence (2)
- localizes proteins of interest in cell using primary/secondary antibodies covalently linked to fluorescent molecule
antibodies with GFP tag will fluoresce in microscope indicating where attached protein location is
what factor effects resolution
- wavelength of beam (light electrons) used to detect image
limit of LM
- 200 nanometers, possibly large organelles
limit of EM
- 0.2 nanometers, possibly large molecules
