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Signs & Symptoms > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

clinical problem solving starts with:

A

problem identification

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2
Q

four steps in case management

A

1: data base collection
2: problem identification
3: plan formulation
4: assessment and follow-up

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3
Q

what is the most important step in case management and what does it entail

A

data base collection! entails a thorough history and physical exam at first, then later the results of tests

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4
Q

what three components are within the plan for each problem in a case

A
  • diagnostic (Dx) plan
  • therapeutic (Rx) plan
  • client education (CE) plan
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5
Q

what is the diagnostic plan

A

you list the differential diagnoses (ddx) for each problem and decide which diagnostic tests/procedures will rule-in or rule-out the proposed causes

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6
Q

what is the therapeutic plan

A

specific or symptomatic treatment indicated for each problem

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7
Q

when making the client education plan, what are some factors we should consider

A
  • what should we tell the client about the problem?
  • what do we recommend?
  • what is the prognosis and estimated cost?
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8
Q

what does SOAP stand for

A

Subjective Data
Objective Data
Assessment
Plan

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9
Q

normal canine temperature

A

100 - 102.5

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10
Q

normal canine heart rate

A

< 120

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11
Q

what is PaO2 and PaCO2

A

the partial pressure of arterial oxygen and arterial CO2

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12
Q

what is FiO2

A

fraction of inspired O2

room air = 21%

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13
Q

what is SaO2

A

saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

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14
Q

what is SpO2

A

Saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen as determined by pulse oximetry

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15
Q

tachypnea

A

increased respiratory rate

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16
Q

hyperpnea

A

increase in depth and rate of respiration

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17
Q

orthopnea

A

dyspnea that improves with altering body position

18
Q

dyspnea

A

the sensation of distressed breathing; “oxygen hunger”

19
Q

cyanosis

A

blue/purple coloration of tissue due to hypoxemia

20
Q

hypercapnia (aka hypercarbia)

A

increased PaCO2 (partial pressure of arterial CO2)

21
Q

hypoxemia

A

decreased PaO2 (partial pressure of arterial O2)

22
Q

hypoxia

A

decreased O2 delivered to the tissues

23
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of gas passing into and out of lung with each respiratory cycle

24
Q

minute ventilation

A

volume of gas passing in and out of lung in 1 minute

25
Q

two main chemoreceptors that control breathing

A
  • central chemoreceptors (medulla) responds to changes in PaCO2
  • peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid bodies) respond to change in PaO2
26
Q

five main causes of hypoxemia

A

1: hypoventilation
2: V/Q mismatch
3: diffusion barrier/impairment
4: low inspired O2
5: right to left shunt

27
Q

what value of PaCO2 is indicative of respiratory failure

A

PaCO2 > 60 mmHg

28
Q

what values indicate hypoventilation (and hypercapnia) of dogs? cats?

A

dogs: PaCO2 > 45mmHg
cats: PaCO2 > 40mmHg

29
Q

respiratory pattern of upper airway distress

A

increased effort on inspiration

30
Q

respiratory pattern of lower airway distress

A

increased effort on expiration with an abdominal push

31
Q

respiratory pattern for pulmonary parenchyma disease

A

mixed inspiratory and expiratory effort with crackling sounds

32
Q

describe stertor

A

shorty bulldog noise produced in the nasopharynx

33
Q

describe stridor

A

high pitched, harsh noise produced in the larynx/pharynx

34
Q

list some common look-a-like diseases that cause tachypnea

A 
metabolic acidosis
anemia
stress
neurological disease
feline hyperthyroidism
35
Q

four important steps of stabilizing dyspnea

A
  • oxygen
  • minimize stress
  • butorphanol +/- acepromazine
  • treat underlying disease
36
Q

four common causes of unilateral nasal discharge

A
  • foreign body
  • early neoplasia
  • tooth root abscess
  • early fungal infection
37
Q

four common causes of bilateral nasal discharge

A
  • rhinitis (inflammation)
  • systemic disease
  • late neoplasia
  • late fungal
38
Q

five common signs of nasal disease

A
  • epistaxis (nasal bleeding)
  • reverse sneezing
  • facial/nasal symmetry
  • ocular signs (discharge, squinting)
39
Q

how to check for nasal airflow

A

use a slide, stethoscope, or unraveled cotton

40
Q

how is nasal neoplasia treated

A
  • radiation therapy

- palliative care (NSAIDs especially)

Signs & Symptoms (1 decks)

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