UNIT 1-9 Flashcards

(239 cards)

1
Q

An increase in the current frequency of a behavior that is reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

A

Evocative Effect

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2
Q

An alteration in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object or event as a result of a motivating operation

A

Value-Altering Effect

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3
Q

A decrease in the current frequency of a behavior that is reinforced by the stimulus that is decreased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

A

Abative Effect

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4
Q

An alteration in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same motivating operation

A

Behavior Altering Effect

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5
Q

A motivating operation that establishes the effectiveness of a stimulus, object or event as a reinforcer

A

Establishing Operation

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6
Q

A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus object or event

A

Abolishing Operation

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7
Q

A group of stimuli in which the frequency, duration, latency or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus

A

Stimulus Control

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8
Q

Motivating operations whose value altering effect does not come from a history of learning

A

Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMO)

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9
Q

Motivating operations whose value altering effect depend on a learning history

A

Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMO)

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10
Q

An antecedent stimulus that evokes or abates a specific behavior, due to a past history of differential availability of reinforcement or punishment for that behavior that is dependent on their presence versus their absence

A

Discriminative Stimulus

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11
Q

An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of a stimulus, object or event; and that alters the current frequency of behavior that is reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object or event

A

Motivating Operations

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12
Q

The basic process by which operant learning occurs

A

Operant Conditioning

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13
Q

Behavior is likely to occur under the current conditions

A

Evoke

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14
Q

Behavior is Not likely to occur under the current conditions

A

Abate

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15
Q

Reinforcing only responses within a specific response class that meet specific criterion along a dimension and placing all other responses in that class on extinction

A

Differential Reinforcement

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16
Q

When differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing some responses and not reinforcing other responses

A

Differentiation

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17
Q

When differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing a response when certain stimuli are present and not reinforcing the same response when those stimuli are not present

A

Discrimination

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18
Q

The tendency of behavior to occur more frequently in the presence of a particular stimulus because behavior has been reinforced only or mostly in the presence of that stimulus

A

Discriminative Control

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19
Q

An operant class that is established through the process of differential reinforcement with respect to the presence or absence of antecedent stimuli

A

Discriminated Operant

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20
Q

Discriminative Stimulus for reinforcement. Evokes behavior because in the past that behavior has been reinforced in its presence

A

SD for SR

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21
Q

Discriminative stimulus for extinction. Abates behavior because in the past that behavior has not been reinforced in its presence

A

S delta for SR

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22
Q

Discriminative stimulus for punishment. Abates behavior because in the past that behavior has been punished in its presence

A

SDP for SP

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23
Q

Discriminative stimulus for withholding punishment. Evokes behavior because in the past that behavior has not been punished in its presence

A

S delta P for withholding punishment (xSp)

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24
Q

Discriminative stimulus for positive reinforcement

A

SDR+

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25
Discriminative stimulus for negative reinforcement
SDR-
26
Discriminative stimulus for extinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement
S delta R+
27
Discriminative stimulus for extinction of behavior maintained by negative reinforcement
S delta R-
28
Discriminative stimulus for positive punishment
SDP+
29
Discriminative stimulus for negative punishment
SDP-
30
Discriminative stimulus for unavailability of positive punishment
S delta P+
31
Discriminative stimulus for unavailability of negative punishment
S delta P-
32
A discrimination in which reinforcing a response is contingent on another stimulus
Conditional Discrimination
33
The tendency of a learned response to occur in the presence of a stimulus that was not present during training, but either shares some similar physical properties to the SD or has been associated with the SD
Stimulus Generalization
34
Organisms learn through the consequence of their actions
The Law of Effect
35
Edward Lee Thorndike
The Law of Effect
36
B.F. Skinner's Contributions (7)
``` The experimental analysis of behavior The operant chamber Radical behaviorism Programmed instruction Principles of operant conditioning The cumulative recorder Analysis of verbal behavior ```
37
Behavior that has an effect on the environment and is primarily under the control of its consequences
Operant Behavior
38
This process of behavioral variability; selection by consequences, and behavioral reproduction occurs throughout the organism’s lifetime
Operant Selection
39
Simplest Type of Operant Contingency
R-S (response-Stimulus)
40
An environmental change that follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior
Reinforcement
41
A stimulus change that follow a response and decreases the future frequency of that behavior under similar conditions
Punishment
42
An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response that increases or maintains the future frequency of that response
Positive Reinforcement
43
An environmental change in which a stimulus is removed (taken away) or attenuated following a response and increases the future frequency of that response
Negative Reinforcement
44
Unconditioned Positive Reinforcement
SR+
45
Conditioned Positive Reinforcement
Sr+
46
Unconditioned Negative Reinforcement
SR-
47
Conditioned Negative Reinforcement
Sr-
48
Unconditioned Positive Punishment
SP+
49
Conditioned Positive Punishment
Sp+
50
Unconditioned Negative Punishement
SP-
51
Conditioned Negative Punishment
Sp-
52
The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior
Extinction
53
Behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness
Automaticity
54
If the opportunity to engage in a “preferred” or “high probability” behavior is made contingent on engaging in a “less preferred” behavior, the future duration or frequency of the “less preferred” behavior will increase
Premack Principle
55
A stimulus, that when presented following a response, increases or maintains the future frequency of that response
Reinforcer
56
A stimulus that, usually, is reinforcing without any prior learning; that is, its effect is due to phylogenic provenance
Unconditioned Reinforcer
57
A stimulus that initially has no innate reinforcing properties, but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or powerful conditioned reinforcers
Conditioned Reinforcer
58
A conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of reinforcers and which is effective for a wide range of behaviors
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer
59
Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus
Escape
60
Terminates a “warning” stimulus; prevents or delays the onset of the aversive stimulus
Avoidance
61
A conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus
Warning Stimulus
62
No clear warning stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurrence of the aversive event
Un-Signaled Avoidance
63
The response itself directly produces the reinforcing consequence. That is, the consequence is Not mediated by another person
Automatic Reinforcement
64
The consequence is mediated by another person
Socially Mediated Reinforcement
65
A person explicitly arranged the contingency
Planned Reinforcement
66
The contingency was not explicitly arranged
Unplanned Reinforcement
67
The process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement
Operant Extinction
68
The sudden and temporary reappearance of a behavior following extinction
Operant Spontaneous Recovery
69
The reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior during the extinction of a more recently reinforced behavior
Resurgence
70
A stimulus, that is usually punishing without any prior learning; that is, its effect is due to phylogenic provenance
Unconditioned Punisher
71
A stimulus that initially has no innate punishing properties, but acquire punishing properties through pairing with unconditioned punishers or powerful conditioned punishers
Conditioned Punisher
72
An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that decreases the future frequency of that response
Positive Punishment
73
An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn or removed) or attenuated following a response, which decreases the future frequency of that behavior
Negative Punishment
74
A procedure based on the principle of negative punishment; the organism cannot access (generally specified) reinforcer
Time-out from Positive Reinforcement
75
The process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment
Recovery from Punishment
76
A simple relation between an antecedent stimulus and a reflex response
Reflex
77
To strongly, consistently and reliably evoke
Elicit
78
A simple relation between a specific stimulus and a specific innate, involuntary response
Unconditioned Reflex
79
Examples of Human Reflexes
Patellar reflex, Eye Blink reflex, Lachrymal reflex, Pupillary reflex, Respiratory reflex, Sneeze reflex, Cough reflex, Rooting reflex, Sucking reflex, Salivation reflex, Swallowing reflex, Peristalsis reflex, Reverse Peristalsis reflex, Reflex related to low/high temperatures, Reflex to loud sounds, Withdrawal reflex, Activation reflex
80
A stimulus which results in an unconditioned response without prior learning
Unconditioned Stimulus
81
A response which is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
Unconditioned Response
82
A temporary reduction in a reflex response due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus
Habituation
83
A reduction in the frequency or magnitude of a response or a set of responses as a result of prolonged exposure to a stimulus or an environmental context
Adaptation
84
A temporary increase in some dimension or intensity of a reflex response due to repeated presentations of an eliciting stimulus
Potentiation
85
The tendency of a stimulus to elicit a reflex response following the elicitation of that response by a different stimulus
Sensitization
86
A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response
Respondent Conditioning
87
A simple relation between a specific conditioned stimulus and a conditioned involuntary response
Conditioned Reflex
88
A stimulus which has no eliciting effect on behavior prior to being paired contingently with an unconditioned stimulus or another conditioned stimulus
Neutral Stimulus
89
A stimulus which elicits a conditioned response due to prior learning; that is, due to ontogenic provenance
Conditioned Stimulus
90
A response which is elicited by a conditioned stimulus due to prior learning
Conditioned Response
91
The ONSET of the CS must come first, before the ONSET of the US. Very effective.
Short Delay Conditioning
92
The ONSET of the CS must come first, before the ONSET of the US. Usually effective
Long Delay Conditioning
93
The OFFSET of the CS must come before the ONSET of the US. Sometimes effective
Trace Conditioning Procedure
94
CS and US occur at the same time. Usually not effective
Simultaneous Conditioning Procedure
95
The ONSET of the US must come before the ONSET of the CS. Almost always ineffective
Backward Chaining Procedure
96
A neutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus (CS) rather than with a US
Higher Order Conditioning
97
The process through which a conditioned reflex is weakened by discontinuing to pair the CS with the US
Respondent Extinction
98
The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned reflex
Respondent Spontaneous Recovery
99
The spread of effects of respondent conditioning to stimuli other than the conditioned stimulus
Respondent Stimulus Generalization
100
The effect of a stimulus on a specific response may be innate, due to the evolutionary history of that species
Phylogenic Provenance
101
The effect of the stimulus on a specific response may be learned, due to the experiential history of the individual organism in the environment
Ontogenic Provenance
102
A systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world
Science
103
Goals of Science (4)
Description, prediction, control and development of technology
104
Empirical phenomena; Direct observation and measurement of phenomena or its permanent products
Natural Science
105
Physics, chemistry, biology, behavioral analysis
Types of Natural Science
106
Hypothetical constructs outside of the natural realm; indirect observation and measurement
Social Science
107
Psychology, sociology, political science
Types of Social Science
108
Philosophical Assumptions (of behavioral analysis) (x5)
Determinism, empiricism (experimentation and replication), parsimony, philosophical doubt, pragmatism
109
The universe is a lawful and orderly place
Determinism
110
Objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the phenomena of interest – behavior (experimentation and replication)
Empiricism
111
Systematic manipulation of an independent variable
Experimentation
112
Repeating any part of an experiment
Replication
113
Requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomena of interest be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered
Parsimony
114
Continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact
Philosophical Doubt
115
Assesses the truth of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application
Pragmatism
116
The philosophy or world view underlying behavior analysis. Posits that behavior is the subject matter of our science
Behaviorism
117
Causes of behavior; probabilistic
Determinants of Behavior
118
The process in which repeated cycles occur of variation, interaction with the environment, and differential replication as a function of the interaction
Selection
119
The environment selects which variations survive and are passed on
Natural Selection
120
Cultural practices evolve as they contribute to the success of the practicing group
Cultural Selection
121
The nearness of events in time
Temporal Contiguity
122
A dependency between events
Contingency
123
Types of Contingencies
S-S Contingencies (pairing) R-S contingencies S-R-S contingencies (3 term contingency)
124
Basic Operations of the Science of Behavior Analysis (6)
``` Direct observation Repeated measures Graph data Manipulation Systematic evaluation Analysis and interpretation ```
125
Contingently present a stimulus immediately after the response
Consequential Operation (+)
126
Contingently remove a stimulus immediately after the response
Consequential Operation (-)
127
A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience
Learning
128
A natural science that studies functional relations between behavior and environmental events
Behavior Analysis
129
Everything that an organism does. The interaction of the muscles, glands, or other parts of a live organism with the environment
Behavior
130
Behavior that can be observed by others, even though special instrumentation may be required at times
Public Behavior
131
Behavior that cannot be observed by others; it is only accessible to the organism who is engaging in the private event
Private Behavior
132
A specific instance of behavior
Response
133
The beginning, the middle, and the end of a response
Response Cycle
134
Fundamental quality of a natural phenomena
Property
135
Fundamental Properties (x3)
Temporal Locus Temporal Extent Repeatability
136
A single response occurs in time
Temporal Locus
137
A response occupies time
Temporal Extent
138
A response can reoccur
Repeatability
139
A quantifiable aspect of a property
Dimensional Quantities
140
The amount of time between a stimulus and a response
Latency
141
The amount of time between the beginning and the end of the response cycle
Duration
142
The number of responses or number of cycles of the response class
Countability
143
The time between two successive responses
IRT
144
The ratio of the number of responses over some period of time
Rate
145
Change in one of the other dimensional quantities of behavior over time
Celeration
146
Configuration, form, or shape of a response
Topography
147
The effects or results of a response on the environment
Function
148
A grouping of individual actions or responses that share those commonalities included in the class definition
Response Class
149
A collection of two or more responses which share a common form
Topographical Response Class
150
A collection of two or more topographically different responses that all have the same effect on the environment, usually producing a specific class of reinforcers
Functional Response Class
151
The total constellation of stimuli and conditions which can affect behavior
Environment
152
Consists of the situation (set of circumstances) in which behavior occurs at any given time
Environmental Context
153
A change in the environment which can affect behavior
Stimulus
154
A stimulus which precedes, that is, occurs before a response
Antecedent
155
A stimulus which follows, that is, occurs after a response
Consequence
156
A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal, and/or functional dimensions
Stimulus Class
157
Changes in antecedent or consequent stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class
Functional Relation
158
Covers various functions of stimuli; used to categorize stimuli that have multiple functions
Omnibus Terms
159
Its presentation evokes behavior that terminates it
Aversive Stimulus x1
160
Its onset weakens behavior that precedes its onset
Aversive Stimulus x2
161
Its offset strengthens behavior that precedes its offset
Aversive Stimulus x3
162
It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses
Aversive Stimulus x4
163
Its onset strengthens behavior that precedes its onset
Appetitive Stimulus x1
164
Its offset weakens behavior that precedes its offset
Appetitive Stimulus x2
165
It abates behavior that removes it
Appetitive Stimulus x3
166
It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses
Appetitive Stimulus x4
167
A sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as a conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain
Behavior Chain
168
A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered
Chained Schedule
169
The spread of the effects of reinforcement to responses outside the limits of a operant class (another term response generalization)
Induction
170
The differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior
Shaping
171
The terminal target response is a distinct topography – a different response – than the response that is currently occurring
Shaping across Topographies
172
The terminal target response is similar in form to the initial response, but varies across some dimension, such as rate or duration
Shaping within Topographies
173
Parameters of Reinforcement (x3)
Magnitude Quantity Duration
174
The rule which describes or specifies which responses will be followed by reinforcement and which will not
Schedule of Reinforcement
175
Each and every single response that is emitted is reinforced; that is, reinforcement occurs each and every single time the behavior occurs; used to establish or strengthen behavior
Continuous Reinforcement
176
Some responses are reinforced and some are not; used to maintain already established behavior
Intermittent Reinforcement
177
Reinforcement is delivered after a certain number of responses
Ratio
178
Reinforcement is delivered for the FIRST responses after a certain amount of time since the previous reinforcement
Interval
179
The number of responses, or amount of time, remains the same
Fixed
180
The number of responses, or amount of time, is random, but centers around (i.e. averages out to) a particular value
Variable
181
A restriction placed on an interval schedule requiring that the response occur within a specified time limit following the interval to be eligible for reinforcement
Limited Hold
182
All or non schedules, as they produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement which is followed by a burst of responding. Pauses tend to be longer the thinner the schedule
FR Schedules
183
Produce steady and high rates of responding
VR Schedules
184
A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules
Ratio Strain
185
Scalloped; Produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement which is followed by a gradual increase in the rate of responding, with the highest rates at a time closest to reinforcement
FI Schedules
186
Produce steady, low to moderate rates of responding
VI Schedules
187
A preferred stimulus is delivered at a point in time without a response requirement
Time-based Schedules
188
Reinforcement occurs if and only if the rate of response is equal to or greater than a specified value
Differential Reinforcement of a High Rate of Responding (DRH)
189
The contingency for reinforcement is governed by the time elapsed between successive responses (as opposed to responses per unit of time)
Differential Reinforcement of Short Inter Response Times (DRH - IRT)
190
Consists of two or more schedules operating simultaneously but independently of each other, each for a different response
Concurrent Schedules (conc)
191
Consists of two or more alternating schedules, each associcated with a different stimulus
Multiple Schedules
192
The same as a multiple schedule except that there are no different stimuli associated with each component schedule
Mixed Schedules
193
A conditioned reinforcer is produced by completion of the response requirements for that component schedule in the chain
Chained Schedule
194
No discriminative stimuli in the links of the chain
Tandem schedules
195
A change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule
Behavioral Contrast
196
The allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement
The Matching Law
197
The reinforcement schedule most resistant to EXT
VR (variable ratio)
198
The reinforcement schedule least resistant to EXT
FR (CRF) Continuous reinforcement
199
Operant behavior reinforced through the mediation of other persons
Verbal Behavior
200
The individual emitting the verbal response
Speaker
201
The individual the speaker interacts with
Listener
202
Composed of listeners who belong to a trained verbal community
Audience
203
Elementary Verbal Operants
``` Tact Mand Duplic Codic Intraverbal ```
204
Under the antecedent control of a non-verbal stimulus
Tact
205
Under the antecedent control of an establishing operation
Mand
206
Under the antecedent control of verbal stimuli with point to point correspondence and with formal similarity to the response
Duplic
207
Types of Duplic
Echoics (vocal imitation, repeating) Copying a text Mimetics (motor imitation)
208
The repeating of a vocal behavior
Echoic
209
Has a point to point correspondence and formal similarity to the written verbal stimulus
Copying a text
210
The imitation of a physical movement that is also a non-vocal verbal unit
Mimetic
211
Under the antecedent control of verbal stimuli with point to point correspondence but without formal similarity
Codic
212
Under the antecedent control of verbal stimuli without point to point correspondence and no formal similarity
Intraverbal
213
Under the antecedent control of a mand to comply
Receptive Language
214
The speaker selects a stimulus in the environment by pointing or finding a picture and handing it to the listener
Selection-Based Verbal Behavior
215
The listener discriminates what the speaker is “saying” based on the topography of the verbal behavior
Topography-Based Verbal Behavior
216
An operant class that includes within it other classes that can themselves function as operants
Higher-Order Class
217
A higher-order operant response class that is under the control of verbal antecedent stimuli
Rule-Governed Behavior
218
Alter the evocative or abative effect of other antecedent stimuli
Function Altering Effects of Rules
219
Behavior acquired via immediate reinforcement contingencies
Contingency Shaped Behavior
220
Domains of Behavior Analysis x4
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB) Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Behavior Analysis Service Delivery Conceptual Analysis of Behavior
221
The basic foundation for our conceptual analyses and permeates all the branches
Radical Behaviorism
222
Basic Research. Provides the scientific method for studying behavior by using cumulative records, manipulation of variables and automated recording
Experimental Analysis of Behavior
223
Applied research that applies the basic principles derived from EAB to solve problems of social significance
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
224
To help other persons to achieve their outcomes with the implementation of procedures validated by ABA researchers to make a difference in people’s lives
ABA Practice
225
Methodologies of EAB x4
Direct, repeated measurement of behavior Rate of response as the basic datum Visual inference (graphing) Within subject comparisons
226
Seven Dimensions of ABA
``` Applied Behavioral Analytic Technological Conceptually Systematic Effective Generality ```
227
(Dimension of ABA) The implementation of basic principles to change behaviors of significance to clients
Applied
228
(Dimension of ABA) Directly observed and measured
Behavioral
229
(Dimension of ABA) Seeks to identify functional relations between manipulated environmental events and behavior through systematic and controlled manipulations
Analytic
230
(Dimension of ABA) Procedures are completely identified, and precisely described and defined
Technological
231
(Dimension of ABA) Procedures are linked to, and described in terms of the basic principles of behavior
Conceptually Systematic
232
(Dimension of ABA) An accountable discipline in which changes in procedure are data-based
Effective
233
(Dimension of ABA) Behavior changes achieved should maintain, transfer to other settings and situations, and spread to other behaviors
Generality
234
Deals with philosophical and theoretical issues
Conceptual Analysis
235
The set of assessments and behavior change procedures validated by ABA researchers
Behavioral Technology
236
Past and current behavior is explained as a function of environmental contingencies
Environmental Explanations
237
Mentalistic explanations; teleological explanations
Explanatory Fictions
238
These explain behavior by referring to hypothetical constructs from a dimension that is inferred to be inside the organism
Mentalistic Explanations
239
Summary Labels of behavior (such as traits, states, attitudes, diagnostic categories) and other hypothetical constructs are used to explain behavior
Mentalisms