Unit 1

Question 1

What is physiology?

Answer 1

Study of structure and function of a living organism and its component parts

Question 2

What are the organizational levels of living organisms?

Answer 2

A. Chemical - atoms & molecules
B. Cellular - neurons, lymphocyte
C. Tissue - collection of cells (ex: connective)
D. Organ - structural unit made of tissues (ex: heart)
E. Organ system - integrated group of organs
F. Organism - individual form of life (Community, ecosystem, biosphere)

Question 3

What are cells held together by?

Answer 3

anchoring junctions, gap junctions, tight junctions

Question 4

What are the 4 tissue types in the human body?

Answer 4

Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

Question 5

What are the functions of the epithelial tissue?

Answer 5

• protect the internal environment of the individual

- regulate exchange of material between external environment and internal environment

Question 6

What are the 5 types of epithelia and their functions?

Answer 6

• Exchange: rapid exchange of material
• Ciliated: line airways & female reproductive tract
• Secretory: synthesize and release products into the external environment/blood
• Transporting: selective transport of material
• Protective: found on surface on the body

Question 7

What is the function of the connective tissue?

Answer 7

Provides structural support and barriers

Question 8

What is distinctive about the connective tissue?

Answer 8

It contains a high amount of extracellular matrix

Question 9

What are the 5 types of connective tissue and their functions?

Answer 9

1. Loose - elastic tissue
2. Dense - strength is the primary function
3. Adipose - contains adipocytes (fat)
4. Blood - watery matrix lacking insoluble protein fibers
5. Supporting - dense substance

Question 10

What is the functions of the muscle tissue?

Answer 10

Ability to produce force and movement

Question 11

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue and their functions?

Answer 11

1. Skeletal: responsible for gross body movement
2. Smooth: Responsible for influencing movement of substances in/out of/within the body
3. Cardiac: found only in the heart, contraction moves blood around the body

Question 12

What is the function of the neural tissue?

Answer 12

Carry information from one part of the body to another

Question 13

What are the 2 types of neural tissues and their functions?

Answer 13

1. Neurons: carry information as electrical or chemical signals
2. Glial cells: supporting cells for neurons

Question 14

What is function and what is mechanism?

Answer 14

Function: the function of a system is the “why”
Mechanism: the process of a system is the “how”

Question 15

How do physiologists study function and mechanism?

Answer 15

They study mechanism to understand function

Question 16

What is homeostasis?

Answer 16

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

Question 17

What is the result of homeostasis?

Answer 17

Oscillation around a set-point

Question 18

How do set points change with time?

Answer 18

Acclimatization: Environmentally induced change in physiological function with no genetic change
Circadian rhythms: daily biological rhythms

Question 19

What are the 4 basics mechanism of cell-to-cell communication?

Answer 19

• gap junction
• contact-dependent signals
• local communication
• long-distance communication

Question 20

What are gap junctions?

Answer 20

• direct cell-to-cell communication via protein channels (connexons) between adjacent cells
• capable of opening and closing
• found on many cell types

Question 21

What are contact-dependent signals?

Answer 21

Interaction between membrane molecules on 2 cells

found in immune cells

Question 22

What is local communication?

Answer 22

Occurs via paracrine and autocrine signals
paracrine secreate on neighboring cells (histamine)
autocrine secrete on themselves

Question 23

What is long-distance communication?

Answer 23

• responsibility of endocrine and nervous systems
  nervous system uses electrical and chemical signals
  endocrine system uses only chemical signals (hormones)

Question 24

Why do some cells respond to a chemical signals and others do not?

Answer 24

1. Target cells have various receptor proteins

2. Only respond to a chemical signal if they have the appropriate receptor

Question 25

What are the 3 domains of receptors?

Answer 25

1. Extracellular domain: involved in binding the ligand
2. Intracellular domain: involved in actiating the cellular response
3. Trans-membrane domain: hydrophobic

Question 26

How is homeostasis maintained by local control?

Answer 26

Effects are exerted on neighbouring cells (paracrine)

Question 27

How is homeostatis maintained by reflex control?

Answer 27

Reaction in one or more organs are controlled from elsewhere in the body (nervous and/or endocrine systems)

Question 28

TRUE or FALSE.

Homeostatic systems maintain constancy NOT similaroty.

Answer 28

FALSE. it maintains SIMILARITY.

Question 29

What are the 3 types pf control systems that regulate response loops?

Answer 29

1. Negative feedback
2. Positive feedback
3. Feedforward control

Question 30

What is negative feedback?

Answer 30

IT results in a change that opposes or removes the signal

Allows for homeostatic control

Question 31

What is positive feedback?

Answer 31

Response sends a signal, reinforces stimulus, send variable further from set point
NOT homeostatic
needs an external factor to end it

Question 32

What is feedforward control?

Answer 32

Anticipatory control: predicts that change is about to happen, starts the response loop, prevents change