Unit 1 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Historical Factors
A
- events that happened in the past
- continue to inspire people
2
Q
Social factors
A
- the way society is organized or structured
- relationship among people, who is important? , included/excluded, how society works out conflict/challenges
3
Q
Economic factors
A
- the state of the economy, financial status of individuals
- level of employment, prosperity vs hardship, economic equality vs inequality, government spending & revenue
4
Q
Geographic factors
A
- factors related to geographical conditions
- location, landform, climate, resources
5
Q
Political factors
A
- type of government and level of satisfaction people have for it.
- amount of individual freedom vs government control, security of country
6
Q
Old regime
A
Way French society was organized
7
Q
Divine Right Theory
A
Rule by the will of god
8
Q
First Estate
A
- Roman Catholic Clergy
- 0.5% of population (100,000)
- owned ~10% of land
- paid no taxes
- except voluntary contribution every five years
- collected tithes from all citizens
- responsible for all education, recordkeeping, the poor, and hospitals
9
Q
Second estate
A
- nobility or Aristocracy
- nobles of sword
- nobles of robes
- 1.5% of population (400,000)
- 25% of land
- exempt from most taxes
- taille (general) -corvee (labors) - special privileges of hunting and fishing
- access to higher positions in army, church, government
10
Q
Third estate
A
- commoners
- 98% of population
- 85% peasants
- urban workers
- bourgeoisie
- heavily taxed
- corvee, taille, salt tax
- 70% of income
- corvee, taille, salt tax
11
Q
Immediate causes of revolution
A
Crop Failures
-flour shortages, increased bread prices
Financial Crisis
- on verge of bankruptcy
- involvement in wars, imperial wars, American war of independence - Luxury living of the court
12
Q
Palace of Versailles
A
residence of royal family, not in capital
13
Q
Jacques Necker
A
Beloved financial minister, proposed tax reforms, needed support of all three estates
14
Q
Estates general
A
Ancient French law making body, every estate gets 1 vote
15
Q
National Assembly
A
Created by third estate because they were unhappy about voting in estates general,
16
Q
Tennis court oath
A
National Assembly will not disband until a constitution is written
17
Q
Bastille
A
Old fortress used as prison in Paris
18
Q
Storming of Bastille
A
July 14, 1789
marks the start of French Revolution
19
Q
Camille Desmoulins
A
Journalist, encouraged people to take up arms before storming of Bastille
20
Q
Joseph Lafayette
A
Commander of National Guard
Appointed after storming of Bastille
21
Q
August Decrees
A
Degrees of N.A.
- all rights and privileges abolished
- everyone pays taxes
- churches ceased right to collect taxes
- all makes eligible for church and gov. postions
22
Q
Declaration Of the rights of Man
A
- All men born and remain free and equal in rights
- king refused to sign it
- troops assembled
23
Q
March on Versailles
A
- 5000-6000 women march to Versailles
- demand bread for their families
- demands recognition of the declaration of rights of man
- royal family move to Tuileries
24
Q
Assignats
A
paper money that was printed to address imminent bankruptcy, more money, printed less value
25
Civil constitution of the clergy
- Placed under state control (government control)
- clergy elected and paid by the state
- required to swear loyalty to France
26
Flight to Varennes
royal families failed attempt to flee France
27
Legislative Assembly
replaced National Assembly
28
Constitution of 1791
separation of powers
29
Constitutional Monarchy
a monarchy that is limited by a constitution
30
Veto
Under the constitution of 1791, kind receives limited veto
31
Active Citizens
A vote was given to all active citizens (pay certain amount of taxes)
~2/3 of population
32
Girondins
A group of loosely affiliated individuals who were active in the legislative assembly
33
Jacobin
Political Faction
Led by Maximilien Robespierre
Over through government and started republic
34
Sans culottes
Common people in lower classes
| Eventually others started not wearing breeches too
35
Brunswick Manifesto
- Warning to the people of France, not allowed to harm royal family.
- rallies the french
- la Marseillaise (national anthem )
36
Liberte, equalite, fraternite
Frances motto
37
Revolutionary Tribunal
- tried crimes against revolution
- ultimately no defence
- if you were found guilty -> death
38
Insurrectionary Commune
- led by George Jaques Danton
- led an attack on the Tuileries Palace
- royal family placed under arrest
39
September Massacres
1200 prisoners murdered
- ecouraged by Jean Paul Marat
- george Danton did nothing to stop them
40
Jean Paul Marat
- Killed by Charlotte Corday
- Revolutionary Martyr
- journalist who supported san coulette.
- seen as responsible for September massacres
- unofficial link of jacobin group
41
Charlotte Corday
Killed Jean Paul Marat
| -Girondins sympathizer
42
Guillotine
Execution device, bedheading
43
National convention
Replaced the legislative assembly
- monarchy abolished
- king put on trial for treason
- universal male suffrage
44
Committee of public safety
12 member executive body
| Led by maxillien Robespierre
45
Maximillian Robespierre
Influential figure of French revolution
46
Levee en masse
Forced everyone to do military service
47
Law of suspects
Ordered arrest of anyone suspected that is an enemy of the revolution and be put on trial
48
Reign of terror
Thousands executed
| After committee of public safety was introduced
49
Changes to France by the national convention
- French republic
- metric system
- long pants/simple dresses
- everyone referred to as citizens (equality)
- national system of education
- new calendar
50
How did Napoleon get into power
Coup d’état
51
Bank of France
Domestic policy by Napoleon
| to ease financial crisis
52
Tax Reform
domestic policy by Napoleon
| - fair assessments, no tax exemptions, tax collection heavily regulated
53
Napoleonic law code
Domestic policy by Napoleon
- civil rights, equality in law, occupations based on merit
- men absolute ruler at home, protection of property rights.
54
Lycees
Domestic policy by Napoleon
| -high schools, importance of obedience, and military values.
55
Public Works
Domestic policy by Napoleon
| -paved roads, canals, bridges, monuments.
56
Famous monuments by Napoleon
Arc de triomphe
| Vendome column
57
Continental System
-Attempt to defeat Britain economically
-ban of British good to Continental Europe
-
58
Order of council
Made by Britain in response to continental system
59
Concordat
Domestic policy by Napoleon
| -reconciliation with catholic, recognized as official religion in France
60
Scorched earth policy
Military stragedy used by Russia against France
30,000/ 500,000 remained alive
61
Battle of Nations
France defeated by Britain, Austria , Russia,Prussia
| -Napoleon abdicated and exiles to Elba
62
Hundred Days
Napoleons return to power from Elba
63
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon defeated by Britain (duke of Wellington) and Prussia (Brunswick)
- after Napoleon is abdicated again and exiled to St. Helena
64
Shared Memories
Events that bind nations together
65
Examples of shared memories
-attack of Bastille
-rallying cry
-national anthem
-san culottes
-tri colour
-Napoleon
-
66
Visions of Canada
- geography
- one canada
- pluralistic
- nations within a nation
67
Geography
- vastness
- climate
- ruggedness
68
One Canada
- Canada unity
| - from sea to sea
69
Pluralistic
- multicultural
- cultural diversity
- civic nation
- bilingual
70
Nations within a nation
- provinces with own gov. Control
- First Nations
- québécois
71
Upper and lower Canada
Province of Quebec divided
- Upper Canada is mainly anglophone
- lower Canada is mainly francophone
Names were made in relationship to where the river was
72
Canada west and Canada East
Upper and lower merged into one province called Canada
- British attempt to assimilate Francophones to Anglophones
- One legislative assembly
- equal representation
- Canada east had higher population
- only English was allowed in legislative
73
Confederation
1867-BNA Act
-included Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
Federal system created
- 2 levels of government
74
Francophone challenges
Battle of plains of Abraham
- British took over frances both American colonies
- British culture began to dominate
- British based gov.
- Union Jack
Francophones struggle to maintain language, culture, identity
75
Immigration challenges
Policies favourite immigrants from Europe and the US
- Chinese immigration act was made to restrict and regulate Chinese immigration
- Black immigration was discouraged because they were not deemed suitable for climate
76
Aboriginal challenges
Indian Act
- designed to encourage assimilation
- gave federal gov control of their lives
- been amended many times
Canada Act
-First Nations rights entrenched in constitution
77
Nation as country
Geographic area defined by borders, borders and gov are recognized by other countries, more than 190 countries
78
Patriotism and Nation
- strong support and love of country/nation and willing to defend it
- May spark acts of heroism
- May spark extreme nationalism
79
Nation as us
- large group of people united by common descent, history, culture, language... etc
- May or may not have official borders or gov
- wants to control own destiny
- when people begin to think of themselves as “us” they can be seen as a nation
80
When was Canada seen as a nation?
Vimy ridge WW1
| -statute of west minster (1931)
81
Collective identity and nation
- collective group you belong to
- “inseparable whole”
- “common will ”
- can be easily identified by language
82
Language
- a single language can create a feeling of belonging
- similar ethnic characteristics
- ex. Japan, Vietnam, Korea, Norway
83
Culture
- the way of life that people share
- closely related to ethnicity
- different cultures within an ethnicity
- ex. First Nations
84
Religion
- nations united through faith and belief in a deighty
| - ex. Israel, Jewish state
85
Geography
- physical barriers that isolate and desperate people from one another
- ex. Tibet -> surrounded by seas and the Alps
86
Relationship to Land
- Resources ex. Oil in Alberta
- sense of awe ex. Canada
- spiritual connection ex. Aboriginals
87
Political
- Sovereignty, independent, self governing
| - self determination (power to control owns own affairs) ex.-> Quebec
88
6 Understandings of Nations
- language
- political
- ethnicity
- culture
- geography
- Religion
- relationship to land
89
Civic nationalism
- People choose to live together in a nation according time o shared values and beliefs
- characteristics of nation evolve over time
90
Ethnic nationalism
- pre existing characteristics/traditions
| - people create a nation-state
91
National identity
- identity or sense of belonging to a state or a nation
- distinctive traditions, culture, language, politics
- an awareness of what sets one apart from another
92
Official symbols of Canada
- maple leaf
- Canada flag
- motto
93
Unofficial symbols of Canada
- snow
- igloo
- moose
- Mountie
94
Canadian national Myths
- joe mufferaw
- hockey
- navvies
95
Canadian institutions Promoting Nationalism
Cultural->art galleries
Educational->historica Canada Influential->pollsters
Economic & commercial->private business (HBC)
96
Canadian government programs promoting nationalism
```
Arts & culture-> CBC, CRTC
Education -> Canada world youth
Peace, order & good government
->RCMP CBSA
Economic ->Royal Canadian Mint
```
97
Individuals promoting Canadian nationalism
-Musicians, artists, athletes, politicians, scientists
98
Nationalist Loyalties
- Loyalty
- Patriotism
- Contending Loyalties
99
Loyalty
Allegiance, faithfulness, commitment, devotion, fidelity
| -loyalties are dynamic(can change)
100
Contending loyalties
- loyalties that compete
- people can make decisions based on their nationalist loyalties
- May be easy or difficult to resolve
101
Affirming nationalist loyalties
taking actions to declare loyalty
- individually
- collectively
102
How First Nations affirmed nationalist loyalties
First Nations-> Assembly of the First Nations
> and association of the leaders of the first nations government
-goal to protect rights trainees obligations ceremonies and claims
103
How Inuit affirmed nationalist identities
South Baffin Place Names Project
-reclaiming traditional Inuit place names approximately 8000 names
Project surname
-Head of house selected the surname quite often of relatives given name
104
Cultural pluralism
-Cultural groups are encouraged to affirm, honour and promote their unique cultural identity in a diverse society
105
Reasonable accommodation
A sincere attempt must be made to reconcile religious and cultural practices with the laws of land
Ex->Turbans in RCMP
Encourages understanding, flexibility, and compromise
106
The negatives of reasonable accommodation
- divides Canadians and interferes with developing a shared nationalist loyalty
- if diversity is all we have in common we really have anything in common
107
Compatible nationalist loyalties
-loyalties coexisting without conflict
Ex. Newfoundland (battle of somme)
-July 1 memorial day in the morning Canada Day at night
108
Incompatible nationalist loyalties
Loyalties existing with conflict
-ex. -> Yugoslavia,
Violent break up into different nations
109
Sovereignists
People who support the idea of Quebec becoming an independent nation state
110
Federalist
People who believe Quebec should remain a Canadian province
111
Official language act
Pierre Trudeau
| -promotes and protects both official languages and attempt to make Quebec feel more included
112
Reconciliation
Coming to terms with the past, mending a broken relationship, resolving differences, peaceful coexistence
113
External forces affecting national unity
-WAR – increases patriotism, unity, rally around the flag
National division -> conscription crisis
Attacks- 9/11
Sporting events – Olympics, 1972 Summit series
114
Internal forces affecting national unity
- Canada day celebrations
- demonstrations -> Quebec referendums
- elections
115
Canada unity
Geography- vastly different physical regions/resources
Second largest political territory
10 provinces, six time zones
116
Federal systems
Power is shared between federal government and provincial government.
Patriation of Canada‘s constitution
More power given to provincial government
117
Equalization payments
-revenue from federal tax
And church public services are more or less available to all Canadians
118
Political representation
Canadian senate, 24 senators for each region
119
Immigration
Potential issues = strains public services, change is traditional identity, societies divided by race and region
120
Non-nationalist loyalty
Loyalty to a group, idea or collective rather than nation
| -can develop into a nationalist loyalty ex. Tibetians, regional and religious loyalty-> nationalist loyalty
121
Six types of non-nationalist loyalty
-class loyalty
-religious loyalty
-Regional loyalty
-ideological loyalty
-cultural loyalty
Racial/ethnic loyalty
122
Class loyalty
Loyalty to people from a particular social sector
| -work, wealth, status, educational, ancestry, heritage, ethnicity
123
Religious loyalty
Loyalty to a religious organization and its values and beliefs
124
Ideological loyalty
Loyalty to shared ideas about how society should function
125
Regional loyalty
Loyalty to a region and the interest of people living there
126
Cultural loyalty
Loyalty to a way of life
127
Racial/ethnic loyalty
Loyalty to people of the same racial/ethnic background
128
Example of class vs national loyalty
– French Revolution
– Russian revolution
– Winnipeg general strike
129
Examples of regional vs national loyalty
OPEC oil embargo – oil shortage created energy crisis
– National energy program, cost to Alberta
-alienation
130
Religious loyalty vs nationalist loyalty
– Northern Ireland
-Belfast(good Friday)
agreement
