Unit 1

Question 1

Define feedback

Answer 1

Feedback refers to the information an athlete receives regarding their performance (4 types)

Question 2

What are the four types of feedback?

Answer 2

Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Concurrent
Terminal

Question 3

Define intrinsic feedback

Answer 3

Intrinsic feedback refers to the sensory information that occurs during and after an athlete performs a movement. It is the internal feedback an athlete judges themselves based on visual or auditory cues regarding the performance.

Question 4

Define extrinsic feedback

Answer 4

Extrinsic feedback is the augmented feedback that is received at the completion of a movement, including knowledge of results and performance.
Eg. - A coach providing feedback on a serve in volleyball.
- A judge giving a quantitative score.

Question 5

Explain why inexperienced athletes often don’t rely on intrinsic feedback.

Answer 5

Experienced athletics can rely on intrinsic feedback because they have developed knowledge and understanding of kinaesthetic feel, and judge their performance based on this. Experienced athletes often use both intrinsic and extrinsic feedback to assess and judge.
In comparison to inexperienced athletes who can’t.

Question 6

Define concurrent feedback

Answer 6

Concurrent feedback refers to feedback that can be Insteon sic or extrinsic that occurs during a performance. Players can alter and make adjustments to their performance during activity.

Question 7

Define terminal feedback

Answer 7

Terminal feedback occurs after one’s performance and always comes from an intrinsic source.
Eg - a cricketer receives feedback about the quality of a shot when it reaches the boundary.

Question 8

What are the types of practise?

Answer 8

Massed and distributed
Whole and part
Blocked and random
Varied and constant
Drill and Problem solving

Question 9

Explain massed and distributed practise

Answer 9

Massed practice refers to a practise schedule with short or no rest recovery time between trials.

Distributed practise refers to a practise schedule with relatively long rest periods between trials.

Question 10

Explain part and whole practise

Answer 10

Part practise targets part or components of a skill. (Makes learning a complex skill easier, EG: dance routine, long jump, dig in volleyball)

Whole practise is the practise of a whole skill entirely. (Effective when the skill being tuschtest is simple but highly dependent or has related parts)
EG: putting a golf ball, shooting an arrow.

Question 11

Explain Blocked and Random practise

Answer 11

Blocked practise is the repeated practise of one skill in a block of time. (Leads to better performance of a motor skill within drill practise).

Random practise is the practise of two or more skills in random rider. (Results in longer lasting learning of motor skills) .

Question 12

Explain Constant and Varied practise

Answer 12

Constant practise refers to the repetitive practise of one variation of a skill in one context. (EG: passing ball between 2 people 5m away).

Varied practise refers to the practise of several variations of a skill in several different contexts. (EG: passing a ball between 2 people on different surfaces and different distances apart, using a variety of types of passes.)

Question 13

Explain drills and problem solving practise.

Answer 13

Drill practise refers to the repetitive practise of a physical action set by a teacher or coach. (EG: dribbling a Ball)

Question 14

Define motor skill

Answer 14

A motor skill is an activity that requires voluntary muscular movement to achieve a goal/task.
How well a movement/motor skill is performed depends on factors:
- how often
- type of practise
- how much is learned during practise
- how well learning is applied

Motor learning occurs as a direct result of practise or experience.

Question 15

What are the classifications of motor learning

Answer 15

Two classifications of motor skills exist on a continuum:

Gross and fine motor skills

Question 16

Define Gross motor skills + examples

Answer 16

Involve movements that primarily require require large muscles groups, such as a muscles in legs and arms.
Eg: walking, running, kicking, throwing.

Question 17

Define fine motor skills - examples

Answer 17

Fine motor skills involve controlled movements that primarily require small muscles groups, such as muscles in the fingers or hands.
Eg: Darts, archery, shooting.

Question 18

Why is it important to know one’s learning style?

Answer 18

1) it facilitates ones learning
2) maximise one’s skills by utilising the best learning techniques in order to improve.
3) expand skills to develop a broader understand & range of skills.

Question 19

Explain Closed motor skills + examples

Answer 19

Closed motor skills refer to skills performed when the supporting surface, object and other people are stationary. It is performed in a highly controlled/predictable environment in which environmental factors (changing positioning of environments) are not considered.
Eg: batting from a bowling machine, spike machine, goal keeping from a machine.

Question 20

Explain Open motor skills

Answer 20

Open motor skills are performed in an unpredictable environment in which the support surface, object and people involved in the skill are moving. Environmental factors need to be considered.
Eg: diving a car, sticking a moving ball, passing a ball between opponents, passing a ball under pressure.

Question 21

Explain continuous motor skills + examples

Answer 21

A discrete motor skill has a clearly defined beginning and ending while they are typically simple, one movement skills.
Eg: throwing a ball, swinging a bat.

Question 22

Explain continuous motor skills + examples

Answer 22

Continuous motor skills are repetitive movements that don’t have a clearly defined beginning and ending.
Eg: running, walking

Question 23

Explain serial motor skills + examples

Answer 23

Serial motor skills are discrete skills linked together in a continuous movement sequence. They are typically repetitive movements with a specific beginning and ending.
Eg. Playing a guitar, performing triple jump.

Question 24

Explain the linear vs non-linear learning styles

Answer 24

Linear:

• suggests improvements an changes are in a linear progression.
• learning occurs in a predictable, gradual series of steps.
• simple to complex progression.

Non-linear:

• suggests improvements and changes are in a non-linear progression.
• learning is dynamic, unpredictable and erratic.
• doesn’t follow simple to complex. (May experience large improvement followed by sudden decline or not experience improvement at all due to changing environments).

Question 25

Why is it important for learners to experience and explore new environments?

Answer 25

Learners should explore and experience different environments as they can use various techniques to achieve an outcome. (Eg- not every sprinter runs the same way to run fast)

Question 26

Explain the information processing model + stages

Answer 26

Stage 1 - Stimulus identification
- information received through senses is identified and processed into ‘patterns’ of electrical signals.

Stage 2- Response Selection
- Primary purpose of this stage is deciding how to respond to information.

Stage 3:
- The brain retrieves an appropriate motor program from memory stores to carry out.

Question 27

Characteristics of cognitive stage

Answer 27

Frequent mistakes
High attentional demand
Inconsistency
Cannot overload information

Question 28

Characteristics of associative stage

Answer 28

Fewer or less errors
Some inconsistency in terms of accuracy and success
More efficient in movement sequences 
Less attentional demand 
Improvements are else’s rapid 
An ability to detect their own errors 
Develop kinaesthetic feel

Question 29

Characteristics of autonomous stage

Answer 29

Rarely make errors
Consistently accurately and successful
Very effectiveness movement sequences 
Little attentional demand 
Improvements are subtle 
Kinaesthetic feel - ability to detect their own errors
Multi-task

Question 30

Explain Ecological psychology

Answer 30

Ecological ecological refers to how the body’s systems interact with the environment, objects and surfaces.

“Putting athletes in authentic environment enhances success of their development and skills”.

Question 31

Explain dynamic systems approach

Answer 31

The dynamic systems approach proposes that your entire body and the environment and jointly repository for shaping how you move.

Non-Linear learning
Based on the interaction of constraints (individual, task, environmental)

Question 32

Explain constraints

Answer 32

A constraint is a boundary that shapes each learner’s movement by limiting their number of actions. Can be negative or positive. Constraints to applied to an activity to improve one’s performance.

They help by increasing adaptability.
Individual, task and environmental

Question 33

Explain rate limiters

Answer 33

Rate limiters are factors that influence an individual learns and potentially restricts their performance in a specific context.

Individual, task, environmental.
Constraints are added to an activity to eliminate rate limiters sometimes.

Question 34

What is performance related feedback

Answer 34

Performances related feedback refers to the information an athlete receives regarding their performance of a skill. There are two types - extrinsic and intrinsic.