Unit 1 Flashcards
Describe the difference between expected and unexpected life events.
An expected life event - know is going to happen/ plan and prepare for it
An unexpected life event - you don’t know what is going to happen you cannot plan/prepare for
What is informal support and who replys on it?
Family and friends are able to offer support to others in difficult times, helping with everyday physical tasks. Later adulthood rely’s on informal support to be able to remain independent.
What are the benefits of play for social development
- meet new people, make friends, builds friendships
Does growing up in care make you more vulnerable? list reasons why.
Yes - deal with sexuality and puberty pressure with no parental role models.
More likely to experience teenage pregnancy become more involved with alcohol and drugs.
Achiever fewer qualifications.
What is rural??
(country side)
- Housing can be cheaper, often less work
- Occupations are often low-paid
- Start a family by moving away from city
What is urban area??
(City)
- Air pollution has been linked to increase illnesses
- Can be noisy and increased health risks
- More social activites and facilties
How can economic factors affect human growth and development??
- Income/wealth
- Occupation (types,status,security of income)
- Employment/unemployment - not in education, employment can effect social, income and emotional effects
What is social isolation?? and who does it relate to
associated with elderly, young mothers and people with disabilities
-Negative impact on health,quality of life,self-image and self-esteem.
What is culture?
= effects of religion and spirtuality, community influnces on individuals growth and development.
How can religion influence people??
- how people choose to live there lives, the food they eat and how they choose to dress.
- its imporant to the people to feel accepted as part of family and community.
- Feel valued and wanted.
How can cultural and emotional factors affect growth and development
- Influence of play (soliarty play/social play)
- Influence of role models
- Gender (inequality of employment opportunity and pay, social inequality and expectations)
- Influence of social isolation
Physical factors that affect human growth and development
- Genetic inheritance
- Lifestyle choices
- Illness and disease
What is lifestyle choice??
- The decisions you make that can have an impact on your health and wellbeing
What happens in physical development in later adulthood (65+)??
- Skin is thinner
- Bones more brittle
- Some begin to loose height
- Muscles weaker
- Joints are stiffer
What happens in physical development in middle adulthood (46-65)??
- The ageing process begins to take effect
- Lower energy levels
- Hair becomes greyer
- Loss of muscle tone
- Hair loss
- Menopause
What happens in physical development in adolescence (9-18)??
- Physical changes in puberty - sexual maturity, growth spurt, primary and secondary sexual characteristics
Physical change caused by a result of hormonal change - girls physical change caused by oestrogen
- boys by testosterone
Definition of solitary play and age of this play
0-2 years - Children play alone using their imagination and do not interact with other children.
Definition of parallel play and age of this play
2-3 years - Children play alongside each other but not together.
Definition of social play and age of this play
3-8 years - Children play together, sharing their toys. By the age of eight they will engage in quite complex games, often requiring the use of imagination.
What is gross motor skills and examples??
Ability to control and co-ordinate the movement of large limbs of the body.
- crawling
- walking
- running
- kicking
- throw and catching
What is self esteem?
how much you like, accept yourself and respect yourself.
What is social isolation?
when people live without regular contact with other people, especially family and friends
What is an inherited condition?
A condition passed from parent to child by genes
What are the social, cultural and emotional factors affecting growth and development
- Friendships
- Religion
- Marriage
- Divorce
- Parenthood
- Sexual orientation
What is the intellectual development in Infancy (0-2)
- thinking and the way the mind works
- communicate mainly through sound
- at birth babies respond to the world through their senses
- smiles and noises become the main way of communicating
- 18 months - know about six words
- 2 years - 2-3 words into a sentence
- can only see the world from there point of view (egocentric)
What is the intellectual development in early childhood (3-8 years)
- Most children able to speak in full sentences
- Start school - development of language and understanding of numbers
- Children still tend to be egocentric, seeing the world from thier viewpoint
- Children learn how to act and behave in particlaur situations by watching others
What is the intellectual development in Adolescene (9-18)
- development of abstract thinking - using concepts and ideas rather than through using objects and doing tasks
- think in more logical way
- develop own set of morals and idea what is right and wrong
What is emotional development in middle of adulthood (46-65)
- Hormone changes take place in the body
- May dress younger than their years
- Start going out more ‘mid life crisis’
= a dramatic period of self-doubt caused by the passing youth and moves into later adulthood
What is emotional development in later adulthood (65+)
- Oppurinity to spend more time with family
- Later adulthood can loose partners - distressing
- Support of family/neighbours stop isolation and loinleness
What is self image?
mental picture we have ourselves
influenced by - personal apperance, the media, comparison with others
Effects of health and wellbeing of living a limited income
not be able to afford:
- bills
- healthy lifestyle
- luxury items
- intellectual needs
- social activities
Examples of physical features that are determined by genes
- sex
- height
- body shape
- skin colour
- eye colour
What are lifestyle choices??
- diet
- exercise
- alcohol
- smoking
- drug use
Intellectual development in Later adulthood (65+)
- speed of thinking and short-term memory might decline
- older people are keen to learn new things, develop thier knowledge and keep thier minds active
- some people may experience dementia
Intellectual development in middle adulthood (46-65)
- some people return to education
- memorys may not be as quick
- employment to learn new skills
what are the physical changes that occur during puberty in girls
- growth of breasts
- peorid begins
- hips widen
- ovulation
what are the physical changes that occur during puberty in boys
- growth in penis
- production of sperm
- voice breaks
- facial hair
- growth of adams apple
- muscles develop
what are the physical changes that occur during puberty in both girls and boys
- change in body shape
- growth in body hair and pubic hair
- change in height
- acne
physical development in early childhood (3-8)
- development of gross and fine motor skills improves.
- age 5 : children can walk upstairs unaided and can draw/write
- age 8 : catch and throw well, have a good sense of balance
what is an example of gross motor skills
walking,running,kicking,throw and catching
what is and an example of fine motor skills
- ability to control and co-ordinate the movements of the hands and fingers.
drawing,writing, painting, colouring
what is the social development in Infancy (0-2)
- early relationships development is based on interaction with others
- babies learn socially through play
what is the social development in middle adulthood (46-65)
- people may start to build new relationships, travel more and have more quality time to spend with their family.
- Depending on high or low income people may not have money to go out and take part in social activities
what is the emotional development in adolescence (9-18)
- hormonal changes
- mood swings, frustrations, insecurities, confusions
- young people develop their own personality and idenity.
- feelings of physical attraction towards others
- relationships are formed and sometimes maintained for quite a long time.
what is emotional development in early childhood (3-8)
- ages of 3-8 will begin to learn how to handle their feelings
- children can tell others when they feel happy or sad
- children develop their own self-concept
what is emotional development in infancy (0-2)
- bond with those who care for them
- strong bond with their main carers and will be very vary of strangers.
- it is imporant infants recieve love and attenion during the attachment process as this influnces emotional development throughout future life stages.
what is the physical devleopment in early adulthood (19-45)
- most people reach their physical peak in the first part of early adulthood, physically at their strongest
- peoples metabolic rates slow down and therefore people begin to burn fewer calories
- people who exercise regularly look much younger than their biological age
what is the physical effects of social isolation
aches, pains, illness, low energy, sleep problems, diet problems, substance use, emotional, negative feelings.
what are the psychological factors of relationships
- having difficulties with family/friends have an effect on how they grow and develop
- positive relationship lead to good self image and high self esteem.
what are the life stages?
- infancy (0-2)
- childhood (3-8)
- adolescents (9-18)
- early adulthood (19-45)
- middle adulthood (46-65)
- later adulthood (65+)
what is the emotional development in early adulthood (19- 45)
- early adulthood time to develop close and intimate relationships
- choose to marry be in a relationship with same sex couple
- most people start a family
what is formal support?
comes from people who are trained and skilled in their work and they are payed for what they do, e.g doctors,nurses,coundellors, district nurse.
- have knowledge and experience to help others handle life events
intellectual development in early adulthood (19-45)
- many people who did not focus fully on learning at school often decide to carry on with thier education
- gain new skills and qualifications
what is social development in early adulthood (19-45)
- free to have an active social life, making new friends and building new realtionships.
- gain more independance
- balancing work life, family life and a social life can be difficult as their respsonsibilties increase.
what are the physical enviorment factors affecting growth and development
- housing condition
- type of house
- level of pollution
- rural/ urban area
what is pollution??
is the release of high concentrations of dangerous substances.
what is nature?
genetic inheritance and other biological factors
what is nurture?
social and enviormental factors (choice)
what is piagets theory?
- focuses on what children are unable to do, like the concept of conversation, the idea egocentric behaviour centres on abilties that children have not yet developed.
what is egocentrism?
best described as a young childs inability to see a situation from another persons point of view. They assume that other adults and children see,feel, and hear exactly the same as they do.
what is seperation anxiety?
the fear and apprehension that infants experience when seperated from thier parents or caregiver
what is a genetic predisposition?
means that you inherit that possibility from one or both of your biological parents. which determines physical growth, development, health and apperance.
what is the age range of infancy?
0-2
what is the age range of early childhood?
3-8
what is the age range of adolescene?
9-18
what is the age range of early adulthood?
19-45
what is the age range of middle adulthood?
45-65
what is the age range of late adulthood?
65+
what is PIES?
physical,intellectual, emotional and social
what does the term development mean?
development is said to be physical as well as social or psychological change, the process of developing skills and capacities.
what does the term growth mean?
Growth is termed as a physical change, growth is related to living beings, it can mean the increase in weight, height and bone seize.
what does LAD mean in chomskys model?
language acquisition device, helps children rapidly learn and understand language.
whos is the social learning theory?
Albert Bandura
whos is the evolutionary thoery of attachment?
Bowlby
whos is the theory of cognitive development?
Piagets
